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Numismatics, the systematic study and collecting of coins and related items such as tokens, medals, and paper money, has been a recognized scholarly discipline since the Middle Ages. Archaeologists, historians, economists, artists, and engravers have found numismatics a valuable adjunct to their respective fields of study. Coins are the official product of an issuing authority, and as such they can provide an important primary historical source of documentation concerning monetary values, patterns of economic exchange, trade routes, colonization, migration, military campaigns, linguistic and epigraphic data, mythology, religion, art, historical portraits, and views of buildings, monuments, and statues that have long since been destroyed. For the researcher in American history, numismatics can provide insights into historical economic trends.

The purpose of this paper is to suggest a novel hybrid method by integrating a decision sciences approach with balanced scorecard (BSC) in order to scientifically enable the efficient strategic management of an organization under limited resources. The proposed research model endeavors to improve critical basis deficiencies of the original BSC as well as formerly improved forms of BSC by appropriately integrating three disparate methods: BSC, analytic network process (ANP), and zero-one goal programming (ZOGP).

The designed approach is separated into three major parts. At first, the traditional BSC, concentrating on both financial and intellectual capital, was adopted as the strategic management framework, and then priorities as well as the importance of tactical drivers derived from BSC application were consecutively identified by the application of ANP. Finally, the study further applied the obtained results of integrated BSC and ANP to ZOGP in order to scientifically identify the optimal strategic investment under simulated constraints of the considered organization.

An application of BSC, ANP, and ZOGP with a case study of an academic institution provided an improved strategic management approach for optimally and scientifically utilizing the limited resources of the organization. The suggested results indicated that only 11 of the 23 strategic projects should be executed. Moreover, the selected tactical tasks would efficiently use less than 36 percent of the strategic expenses of the traditional management approach.

Based on the intensive literature reviews, the proposed method could be determined as a novel hybrid approach. It newly conveyed the practical management approach by innovatively including the proper decision sciences method to BSC. This improvement scientifically considered on the resource allocation process that has never been studied before in formerly improved BSC.

A study utilising personal data contained in census enumerators' returns and records of civil registration for Portpatrick (Wigtownshire) does not produce conclusive evidence for interpreting regional variations in bastardy in terms of illegitimacy subcultures or the nature of farming units. The Portpatrick data suggest that understanding of nineteenth century Scottish illegitimacy will not be resolved until the extent and causes of variations in bastardy from parish to parish within broad regions, and from time period to time period, are better understood.

The purpose of this paper is to show how the Balanced Scorecard approach, a performance management system, could be implemented at a college of business.

The authors' own college of business is used as an example, to present how a successful Balanced Scorecard would look.

A comprehensive guide for implementation of the Balanced Scorecard approach is presented, including presentation of specific objectives and measures appropriate for a college of business.

The paper points out that the Balanced Scorecard approach is well suited to a higher education situation and allows the alignment of a wide variety of measures with the unique mission and strategy of a college of business.

The value which can be placed upon the rights of property in a name of a commodity, a food or drink, perhaps famous all over the world, which has come down to us through the centuries, is incalculable. Most of such foods and drinks have a regional association, and are prepared according to methods, often secret, handed down from one generation to another and from locally grown and produced materials. Nowhere are such traditions so well established as in cheese‐making and the wine industry. The names do not signify merely a method of manufacture, since this can be simulated almost anywhere, nor even the raw materials, but differences in climate, the soil and its treatment, its produce, harvesting, even in the contaminants of environment. Rochfort cheese, for example, is made from ewe's milk, but most important, with mould growths found only in the caves of that part of France where it is stored.

An employee who is eligible to make a complaint for unfair dismissal has to prove that he has been dismissed by the employer if the employer contests that the employee has in fact been dismissed. If the dismissal is not contested, all the employee has to do is to show that he has been dismissed. This constitutes the first stage of the proceedings in an industrial tribunal.

The purpose of this paper is to understand the concept of graduate work readiness (GWR) from a stakeholder perspective. The research attempts to pull together the various multidisciplinary themes from the literature into a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between graduates and the labour market, considering the international dimension of what is a global phenomenon.

The critical review is divided into four distinct sections, the first is to contextualise the concept of GWR and graduate employability taking into account recent academic discussion, particularly in the EU and ASEAN; second, to explore the different perspectives of stakeholders in the “triple helix” of universities, governments and the corporate world; third, critically to assess the arguments that educational provision is poorly aligned with labour market needs; and finally, to investigate the implications of the fourth industrial revolution for graduate jobs and skills and propose an agenda for future research.

Despite the apparent consensus between stakeholders over the central importance of graduate employability, there is considerable diversity in how each imagines GWR is best assured.

Any review is limited by the extant literature and whilst it is not uncommon that most research has been done in North America, Western Europe and Australasia, this is a serious limitation. GWR is a global concern and this review shows the need for more research that extends beyond the dominant geographical focus and its attendant paradigms. The implication is that geography is important and local research is needed to develop solutions that fit specific cultural, economic and institutional contexts.

The paper highlights the need to reconcile different stakeholder perspectives on GWR and ensure that they work together on shared agendas to improve graduate transition to the labour market. At the same time, the profound changes being brought about by the fourth industrial revolution suggest that more attention should be paid to the employability of existing employees.

This review should prove useful to both academics and practitioners because it emphasises the need to treat GWR as a concept that varies according to context and stakeholder interests, rather than a homogeneous phenomenon.

Presents findings from a study investigating the career transitions of a sample of dual‐career managerial couples within Australian organizations. Results confirm that job changes are complex processes, which are determined by biographical factors such as sex, age, parental status, stakeholder influence and career salience. However, they are very much influenced by work factors such as the culture of the employing organization. Recommends more flexible career paths, employment practices and managerial conventions, to facilitate the career development of the growing numbers of dual‐career couples, and to enhance labour retention and organizational productivity.

The wake of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic had caused substantial disruptions to the usual delivery of healthcare services. This is because of restrictive orders that were put in place to curb the spread of the infection. Palliative care services in Brunei also face challenges to deliver effective services during this period. However, the impact of advanced illnesses on patients' health and end-of-life care are issues that cannot be planned, postponed or cancelled. Hence, the palliative care team needs to continue to deliver effective palliative care services. As Brunei faced its second pandemic wave in August 2021, crucial adaptations were made to ensure palliative care service was not disrupted. This reflective case study aims to discuss the adaptations made in providing palliative care during this era of disruptions.