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The purpose of this paper is to introduce the simple synthesis process of thermal-insulation coating by using three different nanoparticles, namely, nano-zinc oxide (ZnO), nano-tin dioxide (SnO₂) and nano-titanium dioxide (TiO₂), which can reduce the temperature of solar cells.

The thermal-insulation coating is designed using sol-gel process. The aminopropyltriethoxysilane/methyltrimethoxysilane binder system improves the cross-linking between the hydroxyl groups, -OH of nanoparticles. The isopropyl alcohol is used as a solvent medium. The fabrication method is a dip-coating method.

The prepared S1B1 coating (20 Wt.% of SnO₂) exhibits high transparency and great thermal insulation property where the surface temperature of solar cells has been reduced by 13°C under 1,000 W/m² irradiation after 1 h. Meanwhile, the Z1B2 coating (20 Wt.% of ZnO) reduced the temperature of solar cells by 7°C. On the other hand, the embedded nanoparticles have improved the fill factor of solar cells by 0.2 or 33.33%.

Findings provide a significant method for the development of thermal-insulation coating by a simple synthesis process and low-cost materials.

The thermal-insulation coating is proposed to prevent exterior heat energy to the inside solar panel glass. At the same time, it can prevent excessive heating on the solar cell’s surface, later improves the efficiency of solar cell.

This study presents a the novel method to develop and compare the thermal-insulation coating by using various nanoparticles, namely, nano-TiO₂, nano-SnO₂ and nano-ZnO at different weight percentage.

This paper aims to carry out numerical study on growth of a single bubble from a curved hydrophilic surface, in nucleate pool boiling (NPB). The boiling performance associated with NPB on a curved surface has been analyzed in contrast to a plane surface.

Commercial software ANSYS Fluent 2021 R1 has been used with its built-in feature of interface tracking based on volume of fluid method. For water as the working fluid, the effect of microlayer evaporation underneath the bubble base has been included with the help of user-defined function. The phase change behavior at the interface of vapor bubble has been modeled by using “saturated-interface-volume” phase change model.

An interesting outcome of the present study is that the bubble departure gets delayed with increase in curvature of the heating surface. Wall heat flux is found to be higher for a curved surface as compared to a plane surface. Effect of wettability on the time for bubble growth is relatively more for the curved surface as compared to that for a plane surface.

Effect of surface curvature has been investigated on bubble dynamics and also on temporal variation of heat flux. In addition, the impact of surface wettability along with the surface curvature has also been analyzed on bubble morphology and spatial variation of heat flux. Furthermore, the influence of wall superheat on the bubble growth and also the wall heat flux has been studied for fixed angle of contact and varying curvature.

This study aims to optimize heat transfer efficiency and minimize friction factor and entropy generation in hybrid nanofluid flows through porous media. By incorporating factors such as melting effect, buoyancy, viscous dissipation and no-slip velocity on a stretchable surface, the aim is to enhance overall performance. Additionally, sensitivity analysis using response surface methodology is used to evaluate the influence of key parameters on response functions.

After deriving suitable Lie-group transformations, the modeled equations are solved numerically using the “spectral local linearization method.” This approach is validated through rigorous numerical comparisons and error estimations, demonstrating strong alignment with prior studies.

The findings reveal that higher Darcy numbers and melting parameters are associated with decreased entropy (35.86% and 35.93%, respectively) and shear stress, increased heat transmission (16.4% and 30.41%, respectively) in hybrid nanofluids. Moreover, response surface methodology uses key factors, concerning the Nusselt number and shear stress as response variables in a quadratic model. Notably, the model exhibits exceptional accuracy with $R^2$ values of 99.99% for the Nusselt number and 100.00% for skin friction. Additionally, optimization results demonstrate a notable sensitivity to the key parameters.

Lubrication is a vital method to minimize friction and wear in the automobile sector, contributing significantly to energy efficiency, environmental conservation and carbon reduction. The incorporation of nickel and manganese zinc ferrites into SAE 20 W-40 motor oil lubricants, as defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers, significantly improves their performance, particularly in terms of tribological attributes.

This work stands out for its focus on applications such as hybrid electromagnetic fuel cells and nano-magnetic material processing. While these applications are gaining interest, there is still a research gap regarding the effects of melting on heat transfer in a NiZnFe_2O_4-MnZnFe_2O_4/20W40 motor oil hybrid nanofluid over a stretchable surface, necessitating a thorough investigation that includes both numerical simulations and statistical analysis.