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Ember et al. (1992) addressed whether the “democracies rarely fight each other” hypothesis held true in the anthropological record of societies of various sizes and scales around the world. They indeed found that more participatory polities had less internal warfare – or warfare between one society’s territorial units (e.g. bands, villages, districts). The purpose of this paper is to examine when political participation would have similar effects in eastern Africa, and whether more participatory polities commit fewer atrocities against each other.

A cross-cultural sample of 46 societies from eastern Africa was used to retest the original Ember et al. (1992) multiple regression model and revised post-hoc models. The team read ethnographies to code for levels of political participation at the local and multilocal levels. Other variables came from previous research including warfare and atrocity variables (Ember et al., 2013).

The Ember et al. (1992) model did not replicate in eastern Africa, but analysis with additional variables (degree of formal leadership, presence of state-level organization, and threat of natural disasters that destroy food supplies) suggested that greater local political participation does predict less internal warfare. Also, more participatory polities were less likely to commit atrocities in the course of internal warfare.

This study demonstrates regional comparisons are important because they help us evaluate the generalizability of worldwide findings. Additionally, adding atrocities to the study of democracy and warfare is new and suggests reduced atrocities as an additional benefit of political participation.

IT WAS in the mid‐1970s when, having been in the habit for a year or so previously of commenting on public library authorities' annual reports in a partially analytical manner, I observed a decline in the arrival of the same in my post. A decline which has been maintained, I may add, and which has led me to the conclusion that, while it is OK on the sender's part if I remark how splendid has his service been, he would nevertheless be happier if the ammunition was withheld for me to observe that his annual loans cost x‐pence more each than those of such‐and‐such an authority!

Life studies are a rich source for further research on the role of the Afro‐American woman in society. They are especially useful to gain a better understanding of the Afro‐American experience and to show the joys, sorrows, needs, and ideals of the Afro‐American woman as she struggles from day to day.

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) of 1977 and its amendment – the Trade and Competitive Act of 1988 – are unique not only in the history of the accounting and auditing profession, but also in international law. The Acts raised awareness of the need for efficient and adequate internal control systems to prevent illegal acts such as the bribery of foreign officials, political parties and governments to secure or maintain contracts overseas. Its uniqueness is also due to the fact that the USA is the first country to pioneer such a legislation that impacted foreign trade, international law and codes of ethics. The research traces the history of the FCPA before and after its enactment, the role played by the various branches of the United States Government – Congress, Department of Justice, Securities Exchange commission (SEC), Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS); the contributions made by professional associations such as the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICFA), the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA), the American Bar Association (ABA); and, finally, the role played by various international organizations such as the United Nations (UN), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). A cultural, ethical and legalistic background will give a better understanding of the FCPA as wll as the rationale for its controversy.

With confidence in the British Political system in decline, it is more important than ever that the top-down approach to decision-making and service strategy in public services is challenged. In this chapter, we examine how coproduction of services can be achieved using Get Talking, an approach to participatory action research that utilizes creative consultation techniques to engage with publics. We explain how the approach enabled Staffordshire Fire and Rescue Service (SFRS) to involve young people in the development of a Children and Young People’s Strategy. The case study approach, building on qualitative methods including focus groups and semi-structured interviews, demonstrates how creative approaches were used by public sector staff to engage young people and partners in strategy development. Creative consultation techniques were used to facilitate the focus group activity. While using Get Talking as an approach to policy development required a resource investment in terms of staff time, it provided SFRS with insight into the needs of service users. This resulted in a more relevant strategy being developed and a cultural shift in how the organization works with young people. Engagement with the Get Talking process had a positive effect on staff, providing them with a sense of ownership over the resulting strategy, enhanced the reputation of SFRS with partners, and improved relationships with young people through demonstrating that they were valued partners in coproduction. While the approach was well received by all parties, challenges of using Get Talking in a public service setting resulted in pragmatic adaptations to a traditional PAR approach.

JAMES E. SKIPPER, Associate Librarian of Princeton University, provided an introductory statement on the Shared Cataloging Program, which is surely the greatest and most speedily implemented development in librarianship this century. The conference studied the international implications of this programme under the guidance of three other speakers. Mr Skipper briefly outlined the activities of LC in the matter of cataloguing, preceding and following the printing and distribution of catalogue cards in 1901. The attempt to improve the availability of cataloguing information, ‘cataloguing‐in‐source’ in 1958, was admirable in principle but too complex in practice. It was found that the larger academic and research libraries were able to obtain catalogue copy for only 35% to 50% of the titles added to their collections, because these books had not yet been catalogued by LC at the time copy was needed by another library. As about 16% of the total expenditure in other larger libraries goes on cataloguing, and it costs from three to six times as much to catalogue a book locally rather than using LC copy, and there are problems of obtaining and cataloguing books (especially those in foreign languages and unusual characters) from many countries, the Association of Research Libraries were encouraged to attack the problem of cataloguing again. The result was provision in the Higher Education Act of 1965 which authorized the appropriation of funds which could be transferred to LC for developing a more comprehensive cataloguing system. Thereby LC (a) became globally comprehensive in acquiring currently‐published materials of scholarly interest; (b) was to create a bibliographic record within three or four weeks after books were received; (c) was to distribute this bibliographic record by printed catalogue cards or by other means, i.e. in machine‐readable form.

Looks at discrimination within the US beer industry, providing examples of sexual, racial and age discrimination which violate Title VII of the Civil Rights Act 1964. Provides suggestions for minimizing or eliminating these issues together with examples from industry.

All items listed may be borrowed from the Aslib Library, except those marked, which may be consulted in the Library.

The purpose of this paper is to find out the anti‐smoking counselling frequency and its correlates in a sample of Chinese physicians.

In this paper, 268 physicians in Baoding, a city near Beijing, filled out a questionnaire asking about their own smoking status, their anti‐smoking behaviors as well as their opinions on how to reduce cigarette smoking in China.

The paper finds that 54 percent of the male and 8.4 percent of the female physicians were current cigarette smokers. When asked whether they had counselled their patients about cigarette smoking in the past year, 43.7 percent answered “always”; 38.1 percent “often”; 13.1 percent “sometimes”; 2.6 percent “occasionally”, and 2.6 percent said: “not much”. However, only 9.0 percent said that they were “very successful”. Physicians' anti‐smoking counselling practices were highly correlated with their own smoking status; whether they perceived their past anti‐smoking activities as successful; whether they thought that they should set examples by not smoking; whether they felt that they had the responsibility to help patients and whether they perceived themselves as influential in persuading patients to quit smoking.

The paper shows that messages aimed at increasing Chinese physicians' anti‐smoking counselling should appeal to their responsibility, exemplary role, and unique influence on patients' health‐related behaviors.

The paper adds to the few studies on Chinese physicians' cigarette smoking behavior and their anti‐smoking activities. In a country where cigarette smoking is a way of life among males, and few people are aware of the health consequences of cigarette smoking, physicians' efforts can be a spearhead to a cessation campaign.