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Many studies have suggested the use of lights and siren by ambulances has the potential to save time, which can be clinically beneficial for certain patients. However, other studies suggest lights and siren use increases an emergency vehicle’s crash risk. In the absence of a comprehensive multi-center trial, a meta-analysis of prior studies can offer insight into this topic. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the extent to which the use of lights and siren decreases response and transport times nationally.

We searched PUBMED, EBSCO Academic Search Ultimate, Google Scholar and the premier EMS journals for potential articles identifying time savings associated with lights and siren use and augmented the search results with other relevant studies. Studies were included if they compared time involved with driving a given route using lights and siren with the time required to drive the same route without lights and siren.

Nine studies were included. Across these studies, lights and siren use was associated with a weighted average time savings of 159 s or 2.7 min (95% CI: 100–219 s, p < 0.0001).

Our analysis of the previously-published literature reveals that lights and siren use is associated with time savings across geographies; however, the precise difference may only be beneficial to certain patients. Most studies are small and relatively dated, so individual EMS systems ought to study their specific geography to inform policies that maximize the beneficial impact of lights and siren use and minimize unnecessary risk.

The functions of lighting Lighting is provided in a building to fulfil three basic functions:

The effects which are produced by pearlescent pigments are intimately connected to optics and the interaction of light with matter. Pearlescent pigments are optical filters which reflect and transmit light which falls upon them. In order to understand pearlescent pigments, therefore it is first necessary to understand some of the basic laws of optics. I would like to review some of these laws to talk about light and its interaction with matter, how it can be separated into its components, the laws of reflection and refraction and how all of these laws apply to pearlescent pigments.

Lighting is a highly sophisticated and powerful industry with an increasing number of manufacturers and design consultants. Yet many retailers still do not realise the importance of treating lighting as part of an overall design approach — or the need for “separation” that is, concentrating on lighting the merchandise as opposed to the shop walls.

This paper provides a review of commercially available lighting systems for industrial inspection applications, including the underlying technology and optical behaviour.

The purpose of this article is to prove that chick lit is a legitimate and important area of collection for academic libraries.

This article presents a definition of chick lit with an overview of the origin and significance of the term itself, discusses chick lit's impact on publishing, and its relationship to academia and women's writing.

Chick lit is an important area for libraries to collect in because it is representative of women's writing in the twentieth‐twenty‐first century, and because it is a cultural and economic force in the publishing and entertainment worlds.

This article presents guidelines on building a chick lit collection.

This article provides a perspective on chick lit lacking in the literature aimed at academic libraries. A search of Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA), Library Literature and Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts (LISTA) reflects the dearth of articles on this specific topic.

An attitudinal survey of British food and drink manufacturers producing “lite” products carried out in late 1990 is described. A 70 per cent response rate from a postal questionnaire of representative companies in the “lite” market showed a large degree of consistency in results: the market is still in the early stages of development; there is some confusion among consumers about “lite” products – consumers need to be educated in using them; there is a North/South divide in their use; and strong growth is expected in the market in future years.

The introduction of video display terminals may exacerbate lighting problems already present in the workplace. The sources and characteristics of glare are described. Glare control measures, including the location and design of lighting systems, managing outdoor light and using screen filters and hoods, are reviewed.

The responsibilities of the employer/facilities manager in today′s “commercial” world are extensive when considering the wellbeing of staff and the economic working of the office/building. One element of this tangled web is lighting. The recent publication by the Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (the professional body), Lighting Guide No. LG7, Office Lighting (1993), is an invaluable compendium in guiding professional “lighters” and the non‐expert in design standards. The guide is particularly useful not only in considering good practice, but also in identifying subjects where the employer is possibly vulnerable with respect to recent EEC legislation and health and safety requirements for satisfactory VDU operations working; and emergency lighting, among others. Examines the contents of LG7, highlighting areas of particular interest and likely concerns to the inquisitive facilities manager.

March 2, 1967 Factories — Lighting — Whether “sufficient and suitable lighting” — Accident in workshop before commencement of work — Shadow cast by machine — Fall over tie‐bar used for manufacture of mixer — Light from three pilot lights more than 0.5 foot candles — Whether breach of statutory standard — Whether breach of regulations —Factories Act, 1961 (9 & 10 Eliz.II, c.34), s.5(l) (2) —Factories (Standards of Lighting) Regulations, 1941 (S.R. & O. 1941, No. 94), regs.2(a), (b), 4.