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The purpose of this article is to provide a viewpoint on a controversial aspect of evidence‐based medicine (EBM) and its application to clinical decision making and healthcare policy. To draw attention to the potential for using EBM as a rationalising tool, as opposed to rationalising treatment options, and to discuss how legitimacy in the decision‐making process may be secured.

A range of academic commentary and case law is reviewed. A model for the legitimacy of due process is suggested through the application of the framework for the “accountability for reasonableness”.

Provides information about sources indicating their relevance and where they can be found. Emphasises that NHS organisations and trusts need to enhance the legitimacy of due process through clinical governance.

Presents a viewpoint designed to stimulate debate, which is based on a critical evaluation of the literature as well as contemporary quality initiative issues in the context of clinical governance.

A useful source of guidance for NHS Trust decision makers, healthcare practitioners and those involved with patient support initiatives.

This paper provides an original viewpoint on a topical and important issue and develops the concept of legitimacy and decision making that is delivered by the application of legal principles through clinical governance.

Clinical guidelines from National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) have been developed by a rigorous process using the highest‐level evidence base. Their objectives are to reduce the variations in clinical care and end the postcode lottery of healthcare delivery. They are backed strongly by the government's agenda, are expected to be implemented and to be monitored, and this is to be monitored by CHAI. Up until now, clinical guidelines have had a secondary status to expert witness testimony in determining the standard of care in law in medical litigation. However, guidelines from NICE may have a more influential role in determining the standard of care in law by setting the standard of expected clinical practice. Trusts need to be sensitive to this as part of their risk management strategy. Trusts should facilitate the implementation of guidelines from NICE and audit their use through the framework of clinical governance. In the rare event that a trust should decide to positively diverge from such guidelines, it should do so only through a mechanism of due process that is required in public law for the accountability of the reasonableness of such a decision.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a viewpoint on decision making in do not attempt resuscitation (DNAR) orders from the perspective of a competent patient who requests cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) when their clinical prognosis is poor. This issue will be examined from the position of patient autonomy and self determination.

The literature is reviewed including academic commentary, case law and statute.

The paper finds that factors such as futility and quality of life that engage in DNAR considerations should be gauged from the patient's perspective. There is a definite argument for supporting a competent patient's positive autonomous choice for CPR. This should feature clearly within the framework of clinical governance.

Presents a viewpoint designed to stimulate debate based on a contemporary perspective of patient autonomy.

End‐of‐life care is assuming a greater importance as evidenced by an increase in reported complaints. Decisions regarding CPR need to form part of the clinical governance agenda.

This paper provides an original viewpoint on the tension between a competent positive choice for CPR against opposing medical opinion, and argues for a resolution on a principled basis to protect patients from arbitrary decision making with regard to resuscitation.

The purpose of this paper was to perform an experimental investigation to analyze vibration and noise of unloaded gearbox with different oil quality. All motor-driven machinery used in the modern world can develop faults. The maintenance plans include analyzing the external relevant information of critical components, in order to evaluate its internal state. From the beginning of the twentieth century, different technologies have been used to process signals of dynamical systems.

A proposed neural network (NN) is also employed to predict vibration parameters of the experimental test rig. Moreover, four types of oils are used for gearbox to predict reliable oil. Vibration signals extracted from rotating parts of machineries carry lot many information within them about the condition of the operating machine. Further processing of these raw vibration signatures measured at a convenient location of the machine unravels the condition of the component or the assembly under study. The experimental stand for testing an unloaded gearbox is composed by actuated direct current (DC) driving system.

This paper deals with the effectiveness of wavelet-based features for fault diagnosis of a gearbox using two types of artificial neural networks (ANNs) and stress analyzed with computer-based software ANNs. The results improved that the proposed NN has superior performance to adapt experimental results.

This paper is one such attempt to apply machine learning methods like ANN. This work deals with extraction of wavelet features from the vibration data of a gearbox system and classification of gear faults using ANNs.

These kind of NN-based approaches are novel approaches to predict real-time vibration and acceleration parameters of unloaded gearbox with five types of oils. Also, the investigation contains new information about studied process, containing elements of novelty.

This study aims to investigate the influence of corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure on asymmetric information and return on investment (RoI) in Indonesia. The research specifically assesses the effects of CSR disclosure along with other independent variables such as total assets, return on equity, capital expenditures, net profit margin and sales growth on asymmetric information and RoI.

The study applied a panel econometric regression model to examine and test the effects of CSR disclosure and financial indicators on asymmetric information and RoI. A total of 275 samples were garnered from private and state-owned publicly listed companies selected in the SRI-Kehati index as sustainable firms in Indonesia from 2009 to 2019. Those listed companies in the SRI-Kehati index have market recognition and are able to maintain sustainability practices in their business doings. Asymmetric information was calculated by measuring the spread of market share prices. CSR disclosure was measured with global reporting initiative standards. Other variables did not require calculation.

This study discerns the significant influence of CSR disclosure on asymmetric information and RoI on the listed firms of the SRI-Kehati Index in Indonesia. To articulate, the more transparent CSR disclosure is, the asymmetric information should be lower. Besides that, more comprehensive CSR disclosure is associated with a better corporate return of investment. In scrutinizing the control variables, this research validates the significant influence of corporate assets and sales revenue on both dependent variables.

This research has some limitations that require further research. First, the research was conducted in Indonesia. However, other Southeast Asian markets may have their own uniqueness. Therefore, further research is needed in other specific Southeast Asian countries. Second, the sampling bounds on the corporation which gained sustainable recognition in SRI-Kehati Index. Future studies can extend more observation by comparing SRI-Kehati index to firms, which are not listed in the index.

This study recommends better capital market monitoring and evaluation to improve the quality of the firms’ reports in both business and social aspects. By investing more in philanthropic and social activities, firms can signal the market credibility to their various external stakeholders on their market adjustment to changing external business environment.

As for society, robust CSR disclosures will facilitate investors’ understanding of the conditions before making an investment in public listed companies. At the same time, companies issuing the disclosures are expected by society to perform responsibly, as illuminated in the report. As a result, the CSR disclosures will create a virtuous cycle of sustainability between the company and the society.

First, this research reinforces the global corporate governance concern to urge more corporate disclosures on firm performance in an Indonesian context. Second, this study fills the research gap on the association of CSR disclosure to asymmetric information in Indonesian literature. Third, the findings underpin the integration of social responsibility on the firms’ core business decision-makings to warrant business credibility to all firms’ stakeholders in Indonesia.

This paper provides a summary of the issues in the passive fire protection of steel structures. Types of passive fire protection and the material properties of protection members and steel members are described. The paper deals with the possibility of partial fire protection for secondary steel beams, in cases where, due to possible membrane action, it is not necessary to apply passive protection to the entire beams.

Studies of partially fire-protected steel structures are compared, and results from studies with different input data are summarized. A fire experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of partial passive protection in a small-scale furnace. Based on the findings of the experiment, numerical models were prepared using Ansys Mechanical.

The results are summarized, and a partial fire protection length of 500 mm is recommended. Various partial fire protection lengths were compared, and the temperature development of the steel contactors was compared using a protection length of 500 mm. At the end of the paper, options for partial passive protection of steel beams are presented.

Extended paper from ASFE2021 based on selection.

Everyone is extremely concerned about environmental protection and health safety due to the rise in living standards. Plant-derived natural dyes have garnered much industrial attention in food, pharmaceutical, textile, cosmetics, etc. owing to their health and environmental benefits. The present study aims to focus on the elimination of the use of synthetic dyes and provides brief information about natural dyes, their sources, extraction procedures with characterization and various advantages and disadvantages.

In producing natural colors, extraction and purification are essential steps. Various conventional methods used till date have a low yield, as these consume a lot of solvent volume, time, labor and energy or may destroy the coloring behavior of the actual molecules. The establishment of proper characterization and certification protocols for natural dyes would improve the yielding of natural dyes and benefit both producers and users.

However, scientists have found modern extraction methods to obtain maximum color yield. They are also modifying the fabric surface to appraise its uptake behavior of color. Various extraction techniques such as solvent, aqueous, enzymatic and fermentation and extraction with microwave or ultrasonic energy, supercritical fluid extraction and alkaline or acid extraction are currently available for these natural dyes and are summarized in the present review article.

If natural dye availability can be increased by the different extraction measures and the cost of purified dyes can be brought down with a proper certification mechanism, there is a wide scope for the adoption of these dyes by small-scale dyeing units.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of the “Big Five” personality traits (extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness and neuroticism) on the adoption of augmented reality (AR), with a particular focus on the role AR may play in interactive marketing.

A quantitative-based approach was followed by a questionnaire survey, which was completed by 230 respondents comprising graduate and postgraduate students, using structural equation modelling.

While the trait of openness was positively associated with the perceived ease of use of AR, the usefulness of AR and subjective norms, the trait of neuroticism was negatively associated with the perceived ease of use of AR. Extraversion was positively associated with subjective norms. Perceived ease of use of AR, the usefulness of AR and subjective norms were positively associated with attitudes toward AR.

The data gathered will add a valuable contribution to the currently limited data available on empirical consumer behaviour research, particularly in relation to the adoption of AR for interactive marketing.

The findings of this study will benefit academics working on the adoption of technology in rapidly developing fields such as automation and artificial intelligence; the study also contributes to the emerging interdisciplinary domain of psychology, information systems, marketing and human behaviour.

The climate change and related impacts are experienced around the world. There arise different triggering factors to climate change and impact. The purpose of this study is to figure out how changes in vegetation cover may or may not have an impact to climate change. The research will produce ideas for vegetation preservation and replant.

The investigation was probed for 34 years’ time period starting from the year 1981 to 2015. After testing and checking for serial autocorrelation in the vegetation data series, Mann–Kendal nonparametric statistical evaluation was carried out to investigate vegetation cover trends. Sen’s method was deployed to investigate the magnitude of vegetation cover change in natural differential vegetation index (NDVI) unit per year. Furthermore, the ArcGIS spatial analysis tools were used for the calculation of mean NDVI distribution and also for carrying out the spatial investigation of trends at each specific location within the study region.

The yearly mean NDVI during the study period was observed to have a decreasing trend. The mean NDVI value ranges between 0.32 and 0.98 NDVI unit, and hence, this means from less or poor vegetated zones to higher or healthier vegetated zones. The mean NDVI value was seen decreasing toward the highlands regions. The NDVI-rainfall correlation was observed to be stronger than the NDVI-temperature correlation. The % area coverage of NDVI-rainfall positive correlation was higher than the negative correlation. The % area coverage of NDVI-temperature negative correlation was higher than the positive correlation within the study region. Rainfall is seen as a highly influencing climatic factor for vegetation growth than the temperature within the study region.

This study in this country is a new approach for climate change monitoring and planning for the survival of the people of Papua New Guinea, especially for the farmer and those who is living in the coastal area.