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The purpose of this research is to propose a framework for research on Macaulay duration and establish future research directions.

Thematic, bibliometric and content analyses have been used to review 168 research papers published between 1938 and 2019 taken from ISI Web of Science and Scopus contributed by leading authors, journals and regulatory bodies.

Identification and integration of themes of duration theory, duration model development and duration model implementation leading to unattended research gaps, and framework for research on Macaulay duration.

The study is based on an extensive review of the literature to extract important themes, research gaps and frameworks. It does not empirically investigate significance of Macaulay duration and various sectors.

This research has several aspects that are helpful for practitioners. Macaulay duration has been the subject of empirical research only without any guiding framework. This research provides a platform to initiate profound researches in various areas of finance. Various proposed models are required to be tested under holistic approach in conventional and emerging fields, especially in Islamic settings.

This research highlights, research themes leading to framework, research gaps and factors that are crucial in developing, extending and testing duration models leading to enhancement of theoretical base of Macaulay duration.

Negotiation is a ubiquitous part of work-life. As such, negotiations do not occur in a vacuum, which means that we often find ourselves negotiating again and again, in a variety of situations, with varying degrees of success and failure. By taking every opportunity that presents itself, we can learn and develop our negotiation skills further as a result of our cumulative negotiation experiences – especially the more difficult ones. To date, the literature on negotiation and learning from failures has yet to be integrated. In pursuit of this goal, this chapter will firstly, identify the characteristics or specific aspects of a negotiation that could be a setback or failure, and secondly, integrate failures and setbacks into a systematic approach in which we can learn effectively from these setbacks, in which the author applies the literature on learning from failure to specific negotiation setbacks.

One of the most heated discussions regarding Brexit is over the nature of any future trade deal the UK is going to sign with the EU. There have been endless discussions since the referendum result about this crucial aspect question and nothing has been so far agreed. Some analysts, however, have already pointed to a series of issues that anything different from the status quo could cause. The case analysed in the following pages serves as a cautionary tale, and there is an important reason for that. It is a good illustration of the issues that can emerge when countries are members of some forms of regional associations but not of others and whose consequences can produce spill-overs from pure trade matters to more serious security concerns.

It is not very often that something as common as the import and export of agricultural products – especially non-exotic fruits and vegetables – becomes the object of such a dispute across multiple states. This is what happened in the now infamous case of Chinese garlic exports, which have seen several instances of smuggling, conviction, and fraud all over Europe in the last 20 years. Most incidents have taken place in Northern Europe, particularly Sweden, Norway, the UK and Ireland. There’s a reason for that, which will be explained below.

Regulatory lag is that time between a utility's request for new rates and the granting of the rates by utility commissions. The impact of inflation and regulatory lag is presented. The relationships between regulatory lag, asset life, construction costs and utility return requirements are examined with implications for utility management, shareholders and consumers. Possible solutions to the problem of regulatory lag result. A major conclusion is that regulatory lag causes utility managers to act inefficiently and increase consumer costs to the point where the elimination of regulatory lag would be beneficial to consumers as well as investors.

The purpose of this paper is to empirically study the relationship between informed trading and overall corporate governance mechanisms.

A broad range of governance characteristics are used to measure the governance structure of firms in the Toronto Stock Exchange. The risk of informed trading is estimated using a PIN measure that avoids biases induced by trade classification errors. Our proxies for informed trading are regressed on measures of corporate governance.

Our most important result is that the observed trade‐off between CEO compensation and informed trading holds only for large firms. There is no correlation between CEO cash compensation and the risk of informed trading in small and medium sized firms. We find evidence that cross‐sectional differences in the risk of informed trading are explained by a firm's governance structure.

Research finding a trade‐off between CEO compensation and informed trading merits closer examination.

Limitations on insider trading, and more broadly on informed trading, may involve different costs and benefits for large firms than for medium and small firms.

This paper expands the set of governance characteristics shown to interact with informed trading activity. The Toronto market is well suited to focusing on relations between informed trading and firm‐level governance characteristics.

Australia grows all the fruits found in temperate zones and a large number which demand tropical and semi‐tropical conditions for their successful cultivation. Considerable sums of public money have been spent on irrigation to bring about closer settlement and to encourage intensive cultivation of fruit and other crops. The definition of “Jam” given in the official Regulations issued under the Food Laws of the Australian States is identical with the definitions which have been given by the dictionary compilers and cookery book writers in this country at times long before Australia was thought of as a potential source of fruit supply in any form. Jam is prepared in the factories in the various States in conformity with the existing health and food regulations in force in the particular State. Its fitness as an item of oversea export is a matter for the consideration of the Federal Authorities of the Commonwealth. In the State of Victoria a series of regulations under the State Health Act of 1928 were published in the “ Government Gazette ” of 15th August, 1930, and became operative one month later, unless it was otherwise specifically stated in the interval. They may be cited as the Food and Drug Standards Regulations, 1930. Part II. of these Regulations has to do with Food. Regulation 50, 4, a, says that jam or conserve is the product obtained by boiling some one kind of sound fruit with sugar. It shall not contain any added glucose, gelatine, starch or any other foreign substance except spices. Provided that the addition of permitted colouring to raspberry jam, strawberry jam, or plum jam shall not be deemed to be a contravention of these Regulations, and where such colouring is derived from fruit, declaration of such addition shall not be required. Regulation 10, 1, a and b, gives a list of permitted animal, vegetable and artificial colouring matters, but under the same Regulation when such colouring matters are added to a food product, there must be legibly and prominently displayed on the label the name of the colouring matter used, and if it be an artificial dye the number indexed in Rowe's Colour Index. Regulation 10, 5, a, defines marmalade as the product obtained by boiling sound citrus fruit or fruits with sugar. It shall not contain any added substance except glucose. Regulation 10, 6, a, defines a mixed jam as the product obtained by boiling two or more varieties of sound fruits with sugar. It shall not contain any vegetable substance other than that derived from fruits of the varieties designated in the label, except spices. It shall contain not less than 50 parts per centum of the variety of fruit named first in the label. It shall not contain any added glucose, gelatine, starch, or other foreign substance. Regulation 6, labels, 7 and 6 : These provide that the labels shall not contain any misleading statement or design concerning the quality or food value of the product, or any comment on or reference to any statement required by the Act or Regulations which would directly or by implication contradict, modify or qualify such statement.

Scholars and activists working both within and outside the massive health-related machinery of government and the private sector and within and outside communities of color address the same fundamental questions: Why do health disparities exist? Why have they persisted over such a long time? What can be done to significantly reduce or eliminate them?