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1 – 2 of 2Happiness levels differ among the Middle East and North African (MENA) countries and follow a downtrend, making such heterogeneity a popular topic to investigate. The paper aims…
Abstract
Purpose
Happiness levels differ among the Middle East and North African (MENA) countries and follow a downtrend, making such heterogeneity a popular topic to investigate. The paper aims to study the contribution of governance quality on the heterogeneity in happiness levels across MENA countries while controlling for demographic and socioeconomic variables.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper applies panel random-effects regression analysis on three samples: full sample, rich and poor subsamples, using data from 20 MENA countries over the 2007–2017 period.
Findings
The empirical results for the full sample conclude that better technical quality of governance increases happiness in the region. Furthermore, findings suggest that political stability and absence of violence matters for people's happiness only in rich countries. Whereas, control of corruption is positively associated with happiness level in the full sample and poor subsample. Across all three samples, voice and accountability has no impact on happiness.
Research limitations/implications
A possible limitation of the paper is using an index for happiness based on a subjective weight distribution. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to implement a novel method using data envelopment analysis.
Practical implications
This paper includes implications for policymakers in the MENA region. Governments should strengthen existing laws and create a comprehensive database of laws, fight corruption and prioritize raising income.
Originality/value
This paper is the first to categorize MENA countries into rich and poor to analyze how governance quality contributes to the heterogeneity in happiness levels.
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Keywords
Adriane Pegoraro Brustolin, Roberto Verlindo, Patrícia dos Santos, Silvane Souza Roman, Jamile Zeni, Rogério Luis Cansian, Eunice Valduga and Geciane Toniazzo Backes
The objective of this study was to elaborate and characterize formulations of type mortadella bologna in an industrial unit.
Abstract
Purpose
The objective of this study was to elaborate and characterize formulations of type mortadella bologna in an industrial unit.
Design/methodology/approach
Two formulations (Formulation 1 – F1 and Formulation 2 – F2) were characterized at a storage stability of 22 ºC for physicochemical (pH, aw, moisture, protein, fat and lipid oxidation: TBARs and peroxide index, nitrite/nitrate, texture and thermal analysis: TG), sensory (acceptability), microbiological (Clostridium reducing sulfite, Streptococcus, Salmonella sp., mesophilic and coliform thermosensitive) and histological (organization and tissue distribution) characteristics.
Findings
In relation to the water activity (aw), the formulation F2 presented a value of 0.925 as well as the lower TBARs (0.19 mg MDA/kg) and greater hardness (3945.47 gf), 85% acceptance index and greater mass loss by thermal analysis after 60 days of storage. The multivariate analysis showed that the hardness presents negative correlation in relation cohesiveness, resilience and aw. There is also a strong positive correlation of the cohesiveness in relation to the resilience and aw. In addition, moisture has a high positive correlation with TBARs, peroxide index, aw, L* and texture parameters (adhesiveness, cohesiveness and resilience).
Originality/value
Therefore, the importance of the elaboration process of emulsified meat products was emphasized, aiming to add value and guarantee food safety, taking into account the current legal aspects.
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