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The paper sets out the findings of a study by the authors of the EC audit and consultancy sectors, presenting their view that it is auditors' independence rather than competition which provides those concerned with regulation of the industry with the most urgent public policy issues. The authors consider the approaches adopted by EC Member States to protect auditors' independence, concluding that these approaches have a limited effect. The paper closes by proposing an alternative approach to improving assurances of auditors' independence which would combine independent inspection of audit standards, consumer demand for safeguards and moves by suppliers to anticipate that demand.

UP to the present the knowledge of these archives is most unsatisfactory. There is only one complete catalogue, which apparently was begun by Dr. L. Vella during the first half of the nineteenth century, and completed in 1890 by Doctors Camilleri and Briffa. This catalogue is a manuscript volume written in the Italian language, and has never been published in its entirety. A copy exists, however, also in manuscript, at the headquarters of the Sovereign Military Order of St. John in Rome.

There are over 35 books listed under “Resumes” in the Subject Guide to Books in Print, 1979–1980. They range in price from $ .50 to $17.50. At a glance, all the titles sound the same, advocating better resumes and boasting valuable pointers, but like patrons, all resume‐writing books are not alike.

One of the innumerable ways to systemise contemporary European urban projects is to analyse the urban form originates from the master-plan concept. The duality of closed and open urban situations is an excellent conceptual tool for classification. This classification helps us to recognise, understand and represent the diversity of the city, as it is present on each level of a settlement and architecture.

In the case of “Solid-oriented” projects construction and emplacement of buildings are the main goals. The principle of “Solid-oriented” projects are based on two very different, still existing traditions One is the classical European closed block structure, while the other one is the Modernist open urban system. Today we can identify two new approaches combining those two traditions in different ways. Urban transparency preserves streets, the effect of enclosure, and the dominance of buildings. At the same time density is coupled with spaciousness, blocks are fractured and the environment becomes more complex even within one block. The in-between method, based on the idea of structuralism, attempts to balance the importance of mass and space and creates permeable blocks in a new open urban structure. Besides creating urban volumes or buildings in the city, there is a new type of challenge in contemporary urban design. Since the 1990's attention has shifted to cityscape, i.e. to re-interpreting and reforming open spaces. The international literature calls this un-volumetric architecture. The duality of openness and closedness also appears here. While openness seems to dominate urban situations in contemporary cities, buildings are predominantly used in a closed manner.