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With ready access to search engines and social media platforms, the way people find image information has evolved and diversified in the past two decades. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the literature on image information needs and behaviors.

Following an eight-step procedure for conducting systematic literature reviews, the paper presents an analysis of peer-reviewed work on image information needs and behaviors, with publications ranging from the years 1997 to 2019.

Application of the inclusion criteria led to 69 peer-reviewed works. These works were synthesized according to the following categories: research methods, users targeted, image types, identified needs, search behaviors and search obstacles. The reviewed studies show that people seek and use images for multiple reasons, including entertainment, illustration, aesthetic appreciation, knowledge construction, engagement, inspiration and social interactions. The reviewed studies also report that common strategies for image searches include keyword searches with short queries, browsing, specialization and reformulation. Observed trends suggest common deployment of query analysis, survey questionnaires and undergraduate participant pools to research image information needs and behavior.

At this point, after more than two decades of image information needs research, a holistic systematic review of the literature was long overdue. The way users find image information has evolved and diversified due to technological developments in image retrieval. By synthesizing this burgeoning field into specific foci, this systematic literature review provides a foundation for future empirical investigation. With this foundation set, the paper then pinpoints key research gaps to investigate, particularly the influence of user expertise, a need for more diverse population samples, a dearth of qualitative data, new search features and information and visual literacies instruction.

Tourists’ irresponsible behaviours (e.g. damaging flowers, writing and painting on the walls and throwing waste material in the water and around the sea site) damage the coastal environment. The irresponsible behaviour of tourists has raised concerns about the sustainability of the coastal tourism environment. The purpose of this study is to identify and explain the behavioural patterns of tourists that can influence the environmentally responsible behaviours (ERBs) of tourists, particularly in the context of coastal tourism. The study aims to provide a theoretical and practical explanation of destination image and perceived destination value (PDV) in shaping ERB with the mediating role of destination social responsibility (DSR) among tourists at the coastal touring destination.

The study used a quantitative research design and data were gathered from the five beaches in Karachi. Structured equation model was used to analyse the direct and mediating effect while stepwise regression was used to analyse the moderating effect of DSR. The results of the direct effect showed that cognitive image has a significant effect on the affective image, while the insignificant effect on conative image and ERB. While the affective image has a significant effect on conative and ERB, and finally, results showed a significant effect of conative image on ERB. Results of the study revealed that PDV significantly mediated the relationship between cognitive, affective and conative destination image and ERB. Finally, the study’s results revealed that DSR has significantly moderated the relationship between affective, conative destination image, PDV and ERB.

The results are divided into three categories, direct effect, mediating effect and moderating effect. The results of the direct effect showed that cognitive image has a significant effect on the affective image, while the insignificant effect on conative image and ERB. While affective image has a significant effect on conative and ERB, and finally, results showed a significant effect of conative image on ERB. It is found in the results that PDV significantly mediated the relationship between cognitive, affective and conative destination image and ERB. Finally, the study’s results revealed that DSR has significantly moderated the relationship between affective, conative destination image, PDV and ERB.

First, data has been collected from a single geographic area of Pakistan. Therefore, cross-country data are required to compare the ERB of tourists. Second, only local respondents are considered in the study; future studies may include foreign tourists as well. Finally, data has been collected during one month in summer, which may have measured the experience of only summer. The respondent may have different perceived values and destination images during winter. The future study may split data collection into summer and winter to cover diverse perceptions of tourists.

It is almost impossible for coastal destinations to achieve a competitive advantage without attaining sustainable coastal environments. Clean and green beaches and responsible behaviour towards marine mammals can only be achieved through tourists’ ERB. This study has major contributions towards society by reserving the natural environment of coastal areas.

This research will significantly contribute to the existing literature by extending the ERB knowledge through the theoretical lens of cognitive-affective-conative models and social expectancy theory. Moreover, PDV as a mediator and DSR as a moderator will enhance the understanding of ERB and extend the existing literature. Further research has provided a strong understanding of how cognitive, effective and conative image helps in influencing the ERB of tourists. Moreover, research will benefit destination managers and policymakers to enhance the image and perceived value of touring destinations. Finally, this study is a unique attempt to present a comprehensive model which could be applicable to diverse situations and areas.

This study aims to examine the consequences of tourism destination image and satisfaction on digital advocacy in a touristic environment. The study also tested the mediation role of satisfaction in the relationship between the tourism destination image and tourists’ advocacy.

This study adopts a quantitative research design, suing the intercept survey method to collect data from 185 international tourists in New Zealand. The process macro regression method was used to analyse the collected data.

The findings from this study are: firstly, the study demonstrates that tourism destination image influenced tourists’ digital advocacy behaviour. Secondly, tourists’ satisfaction significantly changed tourists’ advocacy behaviour. Thirdly, tourists’ satisfaction mediates the relationship between the tourism destination image and tourists’ advocacy behaviour in this study.

This study examined tourism destination image and satisfaction as predictors of tourist digital advocacy behaviour; the findings have some valuable impacts for organisations, especially the destination marketing organisation’s tourism strategies. The result also implies that customer satisfaction is a predictor of advocacy behaviours; and the need to focus on increasing tourist satisfaction by putting in place well-crafted tourism products and services.

The finding also implies that customer satisfaction is an important antecedent of advocacy behaviours; and the need to focus on increasing tourist satisfaction by putting in place well-crafted tourism-based strategies.

This study is one of the few investigations on tourists’ digital advocacy behaviour. The study also assessed the mediating impact of customer satisfaction in the relationship between tourism destination image and tourists’ advocacy behaviour, an area, which suffers from a languor of research.

This study seeks to determine if body image disturbance and eating disorders that have plagued Western women are now becoming more common in Asia as well. Additionally, it attempts to examine perceptions of the impact of models in advertising in both cultures. The third person effect which states that people believe the media impacts others more than themselves is tested to determine if this contributes to behaviors related to body image. A comparison of responses from young women inHong Kong and the US indicate that both cultures are similar in the degree of body dissatisfaction and dieting behavior exhibited. However, Western women spend significantly more time exercising and are more willing to have plastic surgery to improve their appearance. The third person effect appears robust across cultures, but generally does not contribute significantly to explaining body image related attitudes and behaviors. The results have important implications for both third person effect and cross cultural consumer behavior.

Scholars acknowledge the crucial role of values in influencing behavior and market choices. This paper examines the role of consumption values in influencing destination image and travel behavior by proposing a destination image formation model. Having as theoretical base the means-end chain theory and the theory of consumption values, the model suggests that destination image is a function of five consumption values and that these in turn influence travel behavior. The essay discusses some pertinent issues with respect to the measurement of such values. This involves conducting in-depth interviews based on the laddering technique, developing a structured questionnaire based on data from laddering, applying fuzzy logic to quantify the consumption values, and finally using k-means clustering to define segments of travelers holding similar images of the destination.

The paper emphasizes that combined use of a qualitative data collection method such as laddering with a structured questionnaire is an effective way of researching consumption values and their influence on image and travel behavior. The study also discusses a k-means clustering approach to define segments of travelers holding similar images of a destination and the degree of membership of travelers to each value. The paper concludes that segmenting travelers based on their consumption values enables destination marketers to better understand travelers' behavior. Value research has particular application for market analysis, segmentation, destination product planning, and promotional strategies. This paper contributes to the very limited number of studies that analyze the influence of consumption values on destination image and travel behavior. The theoretical frameworks and methodological approaches that the paper proposes are also new contributions to destination image studies. However, the paper does not empirically test the theoretical frameworks and methodological steps. To contribute further to this field of study, scholars should attempt to empirically test the approaches that the study discusses.

Environmental issues have triggered the need for sustainable behavior around the globe. The tourism industry’s rapid growth also contributes to environmental degradation through natural resource depletion and excess water and energy utilization. Based on social identity theory, this study aims to assess the impact of environmental corporate social responsibility initiatives on green customers’ citizenship behavior. Furthermore, the study assesses the mediating effects of green trust, customer–company identification and green image.

This study is a quantitative approach, and purposive sampling technique was used to collect the data from the hotels’ customers from northern areas of Pakistan. This study used partial least square-structural equation modeling to analyze the data of 426 customers.

The study’s findings show that environmental corporate social responsibility initiatives significantly impact green customers’ citizenship behavior, green trust, customer–company identification and green corporate image. However, the relationship between green corporate image and green customers’ citizenship behavior was insignificant. Furthermore, the study’s results revealed that green trust and customer–company identification partially mediate between environmental corporate social responsibility initiatives and green customers’ citizenship behavior.

The findings suggest that hotels’ environmental corporate social responsibility initiatives improve green customer citizenship behavior, green trust and enhance customer–company identification. Therefore, hotel industry managers should consider reinforcing existing environmental corporate social responsibility initiatives and make further efforts to highlight the importance of such initiatives for environmental sustainability, which ultimately affects customers’ green customer citizenship behavior.

This research developed a novel framework to understand green customers’ citizenship behavior in the tourism industry. It extended the literature on environmental corporate social responsibility initiatives and green customers’ citizenship behavior. In addition, the research adds value by confirming the significant direct and mediating role of customer–company identification in tourism industry context.

The purpose of this study aims to identify the impact of verbal-visual cognitive styles on the level of satisfaction and behavior in the textual and content search of Google Images.

“Riding” cognitive style test and satisfaction questionnaire were used as data collection tools. Also, to collect data related to the image search behavior, the subjects’ transaction files were recorded using Camtasia software and then the files observed and reviewed. The research sample was 90 postgraduate students of Shiraz University.

The results showed that cognitive styles in interaction with the text-based and content-based search system of “Google Images” affected user’s satisfaction. Text-based image retrieval, in which vocabulary-based information needs were expressed, was more compatible with the verbal cognitive style and resulted in greater satisfaction. In contrast, in content-based image retrieval, where it was possible to express information needs in the form of images, users were more satisfied with the visual cognitive style. Verbal users performed more positively in text-based search and visual users in content-based search.

Considering the research gap, which has identified the performance of visual text-based and content-based systems in terms of satisfaction and cognitive style search behavior, the present study could be considered a small effort to promote science.

This paper aims to model Muslim consumers' purchase behaviour that predicts the impacts of behavioural factors of spirituality, emotional value, image, trust and satisfaction on Halal-labelled food products. The model was used among Muslim consumers in Indonesia and France.

A survey was conducted among Indonesian and French Muslim consumers who had bought Halal-labelled food products. The model was examined using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with multi-group analysis (PLS-MGA) to test specific differences between sample groups.

All proposed hypotheses were accepted, except for the trust in purchasing behaviour. It was not significantly different in the two sample groups. The linkage from image to purchasing behaviour was not significantly related to the French sample group, and emotional value did not influence Halal-labelled food product purchase behaviour in the Indonesian sample group. The MGA results found a significant difference in spirituality, emotional value image and trust among Indonesian and French Muslim consumers.

The guarantee of Halal food through a Halal label can fulfil the spirituality of Muslim consumers in carrying out Allah’s (SWT) command to consume Halal food, creating a product image, trust, satisfaction and emotional value that encourages positive buying behaviour. The finding shows that Muslim spirituality has extended the Islamic marketing literature to predict Muslim consumer behaviour. The company can emphasise in advertisements that the Halal-certified logo reflects the quality of products.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research is among the early study empirically confirming that spirituality and emotional value are critical domains to predict purchase behaviour between two different groups of Indonesian and French Muslim consumers.

This study aims to investigate the effects of religiosity level on the shopping orientation and behavior of Muslim customers and how to store image moderates this relationship.

This study uses a positive approach and partial least square analysis technique on samples of Muslim customers in major cities in Indonesia, who have purchased products in the Syariah supermarket such as Sakinah Supermarket and 212 supermarkets at least twice within the past three months. The sampling method used in this study is convenience sampling, with a total of 117 respondents.

The results reveal that religiosity level significantly affects the Muslim customers’ shopping orientation subsequently impacts consumer shopping behavior. The result is in line with the rising trend by a society that begins to define successful businesses that touch upon the spiritual aspects of the shoppers. Customers with higher religiosity prefer higher quality products and customers who have lesser levels of religiosity establish different shopping characteristics and behavior. This eventually forms an orientation in shopping behavior. Furthermore, it is found that the store image significantly strengthens the influence of the impact of shopping orientations on Muslim customers’ behavior.

Marketers can increase the image of Islamic stores by implementing the principle of a smile, greeting, address to every customer who shops, managing the cashier queue to prevent ikhtilath (meeting between men and women) and adding decorations and calligraphy ornaments. Marketers can create membership cards, posters or billboards about the products that are being discounted or promoted to increase customer numbers image enhancement.

This study used specific variables that represent religiosity in the retail sector. It offers an analysis of how Muslim customers’ religiosity can affect their shopping orientation and behavior. The study is conducted in Indonesia, where research on this topic is still limited.

The aim of the authors of this paper is to propose a cognitive – affective – conative sequential model to study how three dimensions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) image (society, customers and employees) impact customer affective (identification and satisfaction) and behavioural (recommendation and repurchase) responses in the banking industry. The authors also test how the type of company (savings banks vs commercial banks) moderates customer responses to these three dimensions of CSR image.

A multi-group structural equation model is tested using information collected from 648 savings banks’ customers and 476 commercial banks’ customers in Spain.

The findings demonstrate that the perceptions of customer-centric CSR initiatives positively and consistently impact customer identification with the banking institution, satisfaction, recommendation and repurchase behaviours in the savings and commercial banks’ samples. The dimensions of CSR image that concern the activities oriented to society and employees only positively impact customer responses in the savings banks’ sample.

The findings of this study can assist scholars in creating more informative CSR-based loyalty models that take into consideration new variables (satisfaction and type of company) and better approaches to the conceptualization of CSR image (e.g. the formative approach). The findings can also assist savings and commercial banks in better designing their CSR and communication initiatives to benefit from customer affective and conative responses.

The contributions of the paper are threefold: the authors include satisfaction as a new variable in the study of the CSR-based loyalty model; the CSR image is conceptualized as a formative construct, and this provides new justifications for the mixed results reported by previous scholars who have analysed the effects of CSR image on customer loyalty; and the authors explore the moderating role of the type of company on the CSR-based loyalty model proposed in the paper.