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Hamming distance of a two bit strings u and v of length n is defined to be the number of positions of u and v with different digit. If G is a simple graph on n vertices and m edges and B is an edge–vertex incidence matrix of G, then every edge e of G can be labeled using a binary digit string of length n from the row of B which corresponds to the edge e. We discuss Hamming distance of two different edges of the graph G. Then, we present formulae for the sum of all Hamming distances between two different edges of G, particularly when G is a path, a cycle, and a wheel, and some composite graphs.

International trade and production have been increasingly organized around the configuration and evolution of global value chains (GVCs), even as the sustainable development goals (SDGs) have been established in an era of deepening globalization. The connection between these two processes raises some concerns around how economies, firms, and individuals can benefit from participation in the global economy. This chapter looks at the relationship between the relative positions of countries in high-tech GVCs and the impact on potential fulfillment of the SDGs. In this chapter, the authors make a first approach (descriptive analysis) to the relationship between the relative positions of countries in high-tech GVCs, possibilities for upgrading, and corresponding levels of inequality. The authors focus particularly on a set of indicators corresponding to Goal 1 (no poverty), Goal 5 (gender equality), Goal 9 (industry, innovation, and infrastructure), and Goal 10 (reduced inequalities). The findings reveal that the relationship between the position of a country in terms of forward and backward participations and the relative distance to fulfillment of the SDGs differs among distinct GVCs. While some patterns of income inequality reduction are observed in high-tech-related industries, gender inequality is not similarly affected. This confirms the relevance of building a two-dimensional framework that looks simultaneously at GVCs (i.e., the type of GVC and type of participation) as well as the distance from SDG achievement.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to analyze and design a virtual collaboration information system of the Jamu supply chain network based on a fair adaptive contract to respond to stability challenges in business with an uncertainty environment condition.

Design/Methodology/Approach – System entity approach is used for the purpose of system analysis and then case, sequence diagram, class diagram, graph data modeling, and business process modeling and Notation verse 2 (BPMN2.0) are also used to design the system concept. Each process of the connecting event and gateways was arranged with relevant multicriteria decision approach, whilst an adaptive quantitative formulation based on prescriptive analytics was embedded to ensure a fair contract implementation during the terms for all sphere roles in supply chain.

Findings – The results and implications of this model emphasizes on the knowledge, competence, trust, and fair (KCTF) for actors’ adoption to improve supply chain stability and implementation.

Practical Implications – This led actors to collaborate their business in a more effective way.

Originality/Value – This model can reach more stability in the uncertainty environment.