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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the main factors and mechanisms that govern the price of cider, and to apply the analysis to the price of ciders in the Province of Québec, Canada.

The analysis is following the methodology applied to the determinants of the price of wine. A model for the price of cider is estimated with 70 prices representing five regions and five types of products.

The analysis is limited to one geographical factor, i.e. the region of origin and factors related to the producer, i.e. the age and the size of the firm. The results conclude on the importance of geographical factors related to the region of origin. The relationship between the price of ciders and the region of origin is statistically significant at the 1 percent level for two regions and shows a high premium for ciders produced in these two regions. Production factors related to the age and the size of the production unit although showing the expected sign are not statistically significant to conclude on the impact. There is a small premium for producing effervescent cider compared to still or rosé cider but the most statistically significant results at a 1 percent level are for ice ciders and fortified ciders which are two typical products from Québec.

The analysis has important potential implications on the role of certification of origin. Cider regions in Québec, Canada have recently defined quality standards applied to specialties like Ice cider and Fire ciders. The choice of high quality products is reflected in the premium associated to the price of these products.

Contrary to the wine sector, there is a lack of research and literature on the determinants of the price of ciders. This study is the first to propose a pricing model to examine some of the determinants of prices.

This article aims to analyze the relationships between the different categories of rare whiskies and the opportunities for investors and collectors.

This article uses indices representative of collectors, market performance and specific from 2008–2022 to a distillery and determine the returns. The author performs stationarity tests, cointegration procedures and the Granger non-causality test.

The results of this article indicates that average returns are positive. In addition, there is a wide range of annual returns, i.e. strongly negative and positive, leading to possible speculation over short periods. High and heterogeneous volatility accompanies these potential gains. The correlations between the different returns of rare whisky are close to zero, indicating potential gains in terms of portfolio diversification. This result is crucial for investors-speculators that benefit from an additional alternative asset. Cointegration relationships are more numerous in the short run than in the long run, confirming that rare whisky could present potential gains for investors, as collectors have in-depth knowledge of the relationships between the different markets.

Finally, the author discusses the implications for different categories of economic actors (investors, collectors, sellers and producers).

Financial literacy is generally seen as an important factor explaining a broader set of investment behaviors. In the context of a weak financial knowledge in France, this article focuses on the particular situation of Generation Z (individuals born after 1995) and more particularly management students likely to be involved in financial decisions in the near future.

The analysis is based on a survey conducted in the Fall of 2019, through a questionnaire distributed to 300 students enrolled in a French business school.

The results indicate that financial knowledge is poor for students who do not follow a specialized course in finance. This research also demonstrates the importance of risk behavior, showing that risk adverse students are also those with the lowest level of financial literacy.

This article contributes to the academic literature by focusing on students in France. It is the first study to examine Gen Z financial literacy and its implications. It raises awareness on the importance of financial education in the education curriculum.

The authors analyze the long-term relationship between the US housing market and the concentration of high net worth individuals.

The authors apply a cointegration and causality approach on a ten years database. The database includes by US state the density of high net worth individuals, the house price index, the homeownership rate, the number of housing units, and the privately-owned housing units authorized by building permits.

The results show a limited cointegration between the concentration of US wealthy households and the housing market. Thus, the authors can partly predict the fluctuations transmission from the housing market to wealthy households.

The authors suggest that our findings could be of interest to wealthy households, real estate professionals, and public authorities.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the purchase decision of consumers when faced with a perceived risk related to a “corked” wine for different levels of price. It provides an example of a study of consumer behavior in the context of risk aversion and when a risk-reduction strategy is proposed. The empirical analysis examines the perceive risk as is a major determinant of the willingness to buy (WTB) and to pay (WTP) for corked bottles of wine.

The experimental investigation on consumer risk perception of corked bottles of wine is based on a choice-based questionnaire distributed to 310 graduate students in Bordeaux and Dijon in France. The context is the decision to purchase or not a bottle of wine at different price levels. Assuming the monotonicity of the demand function, the choice-based questionnaire is used to determine the maximum WTB and WTP for each participant.

Results demonstrate that when participants are asked simultaneously to reveal their perceived risk and purchase decision, the behavior significantly affects the WTB and WTP. At the same time, demand for risk-reduction devices (screw-caps in this study) also declines strongly with price and perceived risk.

Although the experiment was replicated in a different region and students with a different profile, it cannot be generalized to other countries or region with a different wine culture.

The results have interesting behavior implications in the debate for screw-caps rather than corks. They confirm that screw-caps are associated with low quality, low value wines. Understanding the factors that influence consumers, wine purchase decisions are therefore important to wine producers, restaurant owners and retailers.

This is the first study that analyzes, in the context of risk taking when buying wine, the WTB and WTP for a bottle of wine when participants are required to reveal simultaneously their perceived risk and purchase decision.

Man has been seeking an ideal existence for a very long time. In this existence, justice, love, and peace are no longer words, but actual experiences. How ever, with the American preemptive invasion and occupation of Afghanistan and Iraq and the subsequent prisoner abuse, such an existence seems to be farther and farther away from reality. The purpose of this work is to stop this dangerous trend by promoting justice, love, and peace through a change of the paradigm that is inconsistent with justice, love, and peace. The strong paradigm that created the strong nation like the U.S. and the strong man like George W. Bush have been the culprit, rather than the contributor, of the above three universal ideals. Thus, rather than justice, love, and peace, the strong paradigm resulted in in justice, hatred, and violence. In order to remove these three and related evils, what the world needs in the beginning of the third millenium is the weak paradigm. Through the acceptance of the latter paradigm, the golden mean or middle paradigm can be formulated, which is a synergy of the weak and the strong paradigm. In order to understand properly the meaning of these paradigms, however, some digression appears necessary.

Presents a special issue, enlisting the help of the author’s students and colleagues, focusing on age, sex, colour and disability discrimination in America. Breaks the evidence down into manageable chunks, covering: age discrimination in the workplace; discrimination against African‐Americans; sex discrimination in the workplace; same sex sexual harassment; how to investigate and prove disability discrimination; sexual harassment in the military; when the main US job‐discrimination law applies to small companies; how to investigate and prove racial discrimination; developments concerning race discrimination in the workplace; developments concerning the Equal Pay Act; developments concerning discrimination against workers with HIV or AIDS; developments concerning discrimination based on refusal of family care leave; developments concerning discrimination against gay or lesbian employees; developments concerning discrimination based on colour; how to investigate and prove discrimination concerning based on colour; developments concerning the Equal Pay Act; using statistics in employment discrimination cases; race discrimination in the workplace; developments concerning gender discrimination in the workplace; discrimination in Japanese organizations in America; discrimination in the entertainment industry; discrimination in the utility industry; understanding and effectively managing national origin discrimination; how to investigate and prove hiring discrimination based on colour; and, finally, how to investigate sexual harassment in the workplace.

Man has been seeking an ideal existence for a very long time. In this existence, justice, love, and peace are no longer words, but actual experiences. How ever, with the American preemptive invasion and occupation of Afghanistan and Iraq and the subsequent prisoner abuse, such an existence seems to be farther and farther away from reality. The purpose of this work is to stop this dangerous trend by promoting justice, love, and peace through a change of the paradigm that is inconsistent with justice, love, and peace. The strong paradigm that created the strong nation like the U.S. and the strong man like George W. Bush have been the culprit, rather than the contributor, of the above three universal ideals. Thus, rather than justice, love, and peace, the strong paradigm resulted in in justice, hatred, and violence. In order to remove these three and related evils, what the world needs in the beginning of the third millenium is the weak paradigm. Through the acceptance of the latter paradigm, the golden mean or middle paradigm can be formulated, which is a synergy of the weak and the strong paradigm. In order to understand properly the meaning of these paradigms, however, some digression appears necessary.

C'est un lieu commun que de réaffirmer ici l'importance croissante des mouvements touristiques dans le monde actuel sur les plans économique, social, culturel ou politique. Dans le domaine économique seulement, leur développement entraˆne des conséquences décisives tant sur les relations économiques internationales (le problème des balances des paiements se pose différemment maintenant que les échanges de personnes viennent compléter les échanges de marchandises) que sur l'orientation des activités économiques internes (citons, par exemple, les investissements touristiques — hôtellerie ou moyens de transport — les changements de la consommation par suite de la croissance dans les budgets familiaux du poste distractions et voyages — l'amélioration du niveau de vie — le développement du secteur tertiaire, commerce et services — l'urbanisation, dont le tourisme est, en tant qu'évasion hors des grandes agglomérations, une des conséquences, etc.). Et en face de ce fait: il n'est pas un secteur de l'activité économique qui ne soit transformé, plus ou moins profondément, par l'essor du tourisme — une constatation amère: ce phénomène décisif, économique, social, démographique, culturel n'occupe encore qu'une place tout à fait insignifiante, quand elle n'est pas nulle, dans l'enseignement supérieur de la plupart des pays. Il serait cependant très désirable qu'une meilleure connaissance de ces phénomènes, sans nul doute appelés à poursuivre encore leur développement, soit plus largement répandue parmi les jeunes destinés à former les cadres supérieurs, c'est‐à‐dire l'élite des nations. De ce point de vue, le bilan que l'on peut dresser aujourd'hui ne laisse pas d'être fort affligeant.

Today the governance and management structure of business organizations, particularly publicly traded corporations uti lizes a board of directors. Organization use of boards of directors is considered an openly accepted and utilized structure to provide leadership and management direction in business organization. Because large public companies recognize the value to the corporation and because of the increased regulatory requirements placed on publicly traded companies, the use of boards of directors are strongly endorsed. For small businesses and privately held companies, however, a board of directors is not always viewed as a useful part of the corporate structure. This paper reports on the results of a study which focused on the board functions and operations of small privately held corporations. A survey of 180 small, of ten family owned, non‐public corporations was conducted in one Mid western state. The study corroborated the expanding body of literature suggesting the lack of formality in board functions for small privately held companies. Critical factors influencing board function and action included needs of the company, abilities of the directors, sophistication of ownership and management, as well as life cycle stage, percent of family ownership and trading status of the corporation’s stock.