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Citizens are substantial stakeholders in every e-government system, thus their willingness to use and ability to access the system are critical. Unequal access and information and communication technology usage, which is known as digital divide, however has been identified as one of the major obstacles to the implementation of e-government system. As digital divide inhibits citizen’s acceptance to e-government, it should be overcome despite the lack of deep theoretical understanding on this issue. This research aimed to investigate the digital divide and its direct impact on e-government system success of local governments in Indonesia as well as indirect impact through the mediation role of trust. In order to get a comprehensive understanding of digital divide, this study introduced a new type of digital divide, the innovativeness divide.

The research problems were approached by applying two-stage sequential mixed method research approach comprising of both qualitative and quantitative studies. In the first phase, an initial research model was proposed based on a literature review. Semi-structured interview with 12 users of e-government systems was then conducted to explore and enhance this initial research model. Data collected in this phase were analyzed with a two-stage content analysis approach and the initial model was then amended based on the findings. As a result, a comprehensive research model with 16 hypotheses was proposed for examination in the second phase.

In the second phase, quantitative method was applied. A questionnaire was developed based on findings in the first phase. A pilot study was conducted to refine the questionnaire, which was then distributed in a national survey resulting in 237 useable responses. Data collected in this phase were analyzed using Partial Least Square based Structural Equation Modeling.

The results of quantitative analysis confirmed 13 hypotheses. All direct influences of the variables of digital divide on e-government system success were supported. The mediating effects of trust in e-government in the relationship between capability divide and e-government system success as well as in the relationship between innovativeness divide and e-government system success were supported, but was rejected in the relationship between access divide and e-government system success. Furthermore, the results supported the moderating effects of demographic variables of age, residential place, and education.

This research has both theoretical and practical contributions. The study contributes to the developments of literature on digital divide and e-government by providing a more comprehensive framework, and also to the implementation of e-government by local governments and the improvement of e-government Readiness Index of Indonesia.

This chapter expands on responding to the need made explicit in Chapter 1, Volume 23A. Business executives need deep knowledge on how developing nations are now (2015–2020) going global via the internet. The number of new users of e-services worldwide will double during 2015–2108 (moving from 2 billion users mostly living in the developed nations to an additional 2 billion users mostly living in developing nations). This radical embrace of new e-service technologies will substantially improve the quality of lives for most residents globally. A profound happening occurring now! The two main chapters in this volume responds to this need for deep knowledge of how such adoptions occur. The second main chapter in this volume provides a comprehensive conceptualization of digital divide and its impact on e-government system success in Indonesia. The third main chapter in this volume describes the personal and world blocks that occur and must be overcome by consumers seeking to use e-services in Indonesian airlines’ services. This chapter facilitates one to learn how these first-time consumers experience failure and finally achieve success in these E-service adoption processes. The two chapters really are must readings for business executives recognizing the need for new deep knowledge about e-service adoption processes in developing nations.

This chapter serves to recognize the uniqueness of the moment; the number of new users of e-services worldwide will double during 2015–2108 (moving from 2 billion users mostly living in the developed nations to an additional 2 billion users mostly living in developing nations). This radical embrace of new e-service technologies will substantially improve the quality of lives for most residents globally. A profound happening occurring now! The new technologies combine rapidly delivering of a multitude of services at extremely low cost to adopters now having extremely low incomes relative to residents living in developed nations. Adoption of e-service among residents in developing nations ends the debate as to whether or not marketing to the “bottom of the pyramid” is possible. The more relevant issues focus on describing and explaining e-service adoption processes in developing nations. How are these processes being implemented? What obstacles had to be overcome in achieving these adoptions? How were these obstacles overcome? Read this volume for research providing useful answers to these questions.

Shari'ah governance is a vital aspect that ensures internal shari'ah compliance function in Islamic financial industry, including the takaful industry. Shari'ah audit is a component of shari'ah governance in any Islamic institution as it independently attests the state of shari'ah compliance. Besides, it contributes towards shari'ah non-compliance risk management and enhances the quality of internal shari'ah audit function. The main aim for this chapter is to discuss the scopes and processes of shari'ah audit function in takaful operation. In addition, a discussion on applicable key controls in takaful operation is also provided. This chapter provides an insight into shari'ah audit implementation in a takaful operator, based on the information solicited from an interview session with its shari'ah auditor. This chapter provides fundamental aspects of shari'ah audit exercise in takaful operation and raises takaful operator's views on the challenges and adequacy of guidelines on shari'ah audit for its effective implementation.

This study aims to examine the relationship between digital financial literacy (DFL) and entrepreneurial performance in Sri Lanka. In order to identify the gap, this study has done a systematic literature review. Accordingly, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was used to bridge this gap. A survey of 385 small and medium business enterprises was conducted in Sri Lanka, and a descriptive analysis, correlational analysis, and partial least squares model was used for data analysis for two models. The first model examines the relationship between DFL and performance and the second model examines Access, Mobile literacy, and social media literacy and performance. Findings of this study includes DFL level is average in Sri Lankan SMEs. The measurement model is evaluated in two models and ensures reliability and validity. The results of the structural model of the first model reveal a positive relationship between DFL and entrepreneurial performance. The second model reveals the positive relationship between access and entrepreneurial performance. This research provides guidance on how DFL can improve SMEs performance which is important to achieve success in current businesses which faced a pandemic situation plus distress situation in Sri Lanka. Based on a systematic literature review, there is no empirical evidence about the relationship between DFL and entrepreneurial performance using the TAM model in the Sri Lankan context perhaps in the international context. This identified gap is bridged in this study in the Sri Lankan context.

Within the past few years, a new phenomenon has taken place among the world's leading microfinance institutions (MFIs) – entry into new capital markets through initial public offerings (IPOs). “Going public” launches MFIs into a new frontier, not only presenting challenges but also providing new opportunities for the institutions and the clients they serve.