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1 – 10 of 86The assault caused almost no damage after a combined air defence including the United States and other allies intercepted nearly all the projectiles. Nonetheless, it was Iran’s…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB286480
ISSN: 2633-304X
Keywords
Geographic
Topical
JAPAN/US: Defence ties will deepen
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-ES286388
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Geographic
Topical
Kishida and Biden hailed a historic upgrade in defence ties and announced a record volume of around 70 agreements, spanning various sectors.
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB286581
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Geographic
Topical
A major milestone was showcased in February, as KAAN, the country’s first domestically produced fifth-generation combat aircraft, made its maiden flight. The aircraft is equipped…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB286447
ISSN: 2633-304X
Keywords
Geographic
Topical
TAIWAN: Drills and US aid will raise tensions
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-ES286103
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Geographic
Topical
The war in Ukraine, Western sanctions and the redirection of external trade away from Europe towards new partners all required a surge in investment. The bulk of new investment…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB286245
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Geographic
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Eylem Thron, Shamal Faily, Huseyin Dogan and Martin Freer
Railways are a well-known example of complex critical infrastructure, incorporating socio-technical systems with humans such as drivers, signallers, maintainers and passengers at…
Abstract
Purpose
Railways are a well-known example of complex critical infrastructure, incorporating socio-technical systems with humans such as drivers, signallers, maintainers and passengers at the core. The technological evolution including interconnectedness and new ways of interaction lead to new security and safety risks that can be realised, both in terms of human error, and malicious and non-malicious behaviour. This study aims to identify the human factors (HF) and cyber-security risks relating to the role of signallers on the railways and explores strategies for the improvement of “Digital Resilience” – for the concept of a resilient railway.
Design/methodology/approach
Overall, 26 interviews were conducted with 21 participants from industry and academia.
Findings
The results showed that due to increased automation, both cyber-related threats and human error can impact signallers’ day-to-day operations – directly or indirectly (e.g. workload and safety-critical communications) – which could disrupt the railway services and potentially lead to safety-related catastrophic consequences. This study identifies cyber-related problems, including external threats; engineers not considering the human element in designs when specifying security controls; lack of security awareness among the rail industry; training gaps; organisational issues; and many unknown “unknowns”.
Originality/value
The authors discuss socio-technical principles through a hexagonal socio-technical framework and training needs analysis to mitigate against cyber-security issues and identify the predictive training needs of the signallers. This is supported by a systematic approach which considers both, safety and security factors, rather than waiting to learn from a cyber-attack retrospectively.
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This occurs amid a breakdown in Niger's relations with the United States following the junta’s March 16 abrogation of a military agreement governing the presence of US troops in…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB286394
ISSN: 2633-304X
Keywords
Geographic
Topical
Energy ties, already deep, have expanded since 2022 as part of a broader reorientation of Russian commerce away from the West. The similarly authoritarian leadership styles of…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB286445
ISSN: 2633-304X
Keywords
Geographic
Topical
Claire Economidou, Dimitris Karamanis, Alexandra Kechrinioti, Konstantinos N. Konstantakis and Panayotis G. Michaelides
In this work, the authors analyze the dynamic interdependencies between military expenditures and the real economy for the period 1970–2018, and the authors' approach allows for…
Abstract
Purpose
In this work, the authors analyze the dynamic interdependencies between military expenditures and the real economy for the period 1970–2018, and the authors' approach allows for the existence of dominant economies in the system.
Design/methodology/approach
In this study, the authors employ a Network General Equilibrium GVAR (global vector autoregressive) model.
Findings
By accounting for the interconnection among the top twelve military spenders, the authors' findings show that China acts as a leader in the global military scene based on the respective centrality measures. Meanwhile, statistically significant deviations from equilibrium are observed in most of the economies' military expenses, when subjected to an unanticipated unit shock of other countries. Nonetheless, in the medium run, the shocks tend to die out and economies converge to an equilibrium position.
Originality/value
With the authors' methodology the authors are able to capture not only the effect of nearness on a country's military spending, as the past literature has documented, but also a country's defense and economic dependencies with other countries and how a unit's military expenses could shape the spending of the rest. Using state-to-the-art quantitative and econometric techniques, the authors provide robust and comprehensive analysis.
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