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This study examines the extreme quantile connectedness and spillovers between West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil futures and ten Vietnamese stock market sectors. Knowledge of such links is important to both investors and policymakers in understanding the transmission of shocks across markets.

The authors employ the extreme quantile connectedness methodology of Ando et al. (2022).

Initial results show that the size of spillovers is higher during bearish markets than bullish markets and under major financial, political, energy and pandemic events. The oil market is a net receiver of spillovers during downward markets and net contributors during upward markets. The banking sector is a net contributor of spillovers, whereas consumer discretionary and consumer staples are net receivers for different quantiles. The role of the remaining sectors as net receivers/contributors is sensitive to the quantiles. Oil has a large spillover effect on the electricity sector for all quantiles. Comparing all crises, oil offers the best hedging effectiveness to the Vietnamese sector during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis. Moreover, oil was a cheap hedge asset during oil crises. Finally, oil provides the highest hedging effectiveness for healthcare during the global financial crisis (GFC) and consumer staples during the European debt crisis (EDC), oil crisis and COVID-19.

Acknowledging the presence of heterogeneity in the relation between oil and economic sectors under different market conditions, this study is the first to examine the extreme quantile connectedness between oil and Vietnamese sectors.

Recognition that not every climate adaptation policy is a good one has shifted attention to new tools and methods to measure the adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation policies. This study aims to propose and apply and applies an innovative adaptation policy assessment framework to identify the extent to which climate adaptation policies in Vietnam exhibit conditions that are likely to ensure a sufficient, credible and effective adaptation.

In total, 21 conditions, categorized under five normative principles and covering critical issue areas in adaptation domain, form the climate adaptation policy assessment framework. The principles were double-checked and tested in case studies through observations and analyses of policy documents to ensure that each condition should be distinct and not overlapping across principles. To see if the principles and attendant conditions were able to capture all relevant aspects of adaptation, the authors used structured expert judgment. In total, 39 policy documents pertaining to climate change adaptation were selected for qualitative document analysis. In-depth interviews with local officials and experts were conducted to address data gaps.

The study reveals major weaknesses constituting a reasonably worrisome picture of the adaptation policies in Vietnam since several critical conditions were underrepresented. These results shed new light on why some adaptation policies falter or are posing adverse impacts. The findings suggest that a sound policy assessment framework can provide evidence on what effective adaptation policy looks like and how it can be enabled. The framework for climate adaptation policy assessment in this study can be easily adjusted and used for different socio-environmental contexts in which new conditions for policy assessment might emerge.

The findings show underlying weaknesses constituting a reasonably worrisome picture of the adaptation regime in Vietnam. In the absence of mechanisms and measures for accountability and transparency in policy processes, adaptation in Vietnam appears more likely to be prone to maladaptation and corruption. While solving these problems will not be easy for Vietnam, the government needs to evaluate whether the short-term gains in sustaining the existing adaptation policies really make progress and serve its long-term climate-adaptive development goals.

Although interpretations of adaptation effectiveness may be very divergent in different normative views on adaptation outcomes, the authors argue that a common, agreed-upon effectiveness can be reached if it is clearly defined and measurable in adaptation policies. Thus, the climate adaptation policy assessment framework proposed in this study is critical for policymakers, practitioners, donors and stakeholders dealing with adaptation to better understand the weaknesses in policymaking processes, pinpoint priority areas of action and timely prevent or prepare for possible adverse impacts of policies.

Customer incivility is a crucial issue that has multiple negative effects on organizations, especially in the hospitality industry. This study identified the antecedents of customer incivility and investigated its outcomes on frontline employees (FLEs) in the emerging market of Vietnam.

This study used a quantitative methodology featuring interviews with 476 FLEs who frequently experienced customer incivility in Vietnamese restaurants and hotels. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling.

The findings demonstrated four antecedents of customer incivility (training/knowledge, FLE incivility, service orientation, and environment) and three outcomes (revenge motivation, service sabotage, and turnover intention), as well as the mediating role of revenge motivation.

Managers can establish and upgrade training lessons with different syllabi for numerous FLE groups to improve staff perceptions and enhance the organization’s service orientation and environment, which can support the minimization of revenge motivation, service sabotage, and turnover intention among frontline staff members.

This study highlights how impactful customer incivility is and how to eliminate it by clarifying its origins and effects in Vietnamese hotel and restaurant organizations.

Customer incivility is a key phenomenon with various harmful consequences for businesses, particularly in the food and beverage industry. This study investigated the antecedents of this issue and explored its outcomes for frontline employees in Vietnam.

This study used quantitative methodology to survey 780 participants who frequently experienced customer incivility in cafés and bubble tea shops. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the data.

The results revealed three antecedents of customer incivility – employee incivility, selling and customer orientation – as well as outcomes such as revenge motivation, emotional exhaustion, service sabotage and job performance, along with two mediating effects.

Managers can create and enhance additional training classes with varied curricula for different staff groups to foster their perspectives and understand an organization's customer orientation, eliminating vengeance motives, emotional strain, service sabotage and workplace performance.

This study emphasizes the importance of customer incivility and how it can be minimized by examining its causes and consequences in Vietnamese cafés and bubble tea shops.

This study aims to study the moderating effects of private ownership and government support on the relationship between outsourcing and product innovation in entrepreneurial ventures in a transition economy.

The data of 10,296 Vietnamese entrepreneurial ventures from the four rounds of the survey conducted by the General Statistics Office (GSO) of Vietnam to investigate the moderating effects of private ownership and government support on the association between outsourcing and entrepreneurial ventures’ product innovation performance. The Probit regression model is employed to estimate such associations.

Our research uncovered that the impact of outsourcing on the likelihood of product innovation is more significant for entrepreneurial operations characterized by a substantial degree of private ownership and government backing as opposed to those without.

The results of our research indicated that the resource-based perspective and extended resource-based view (ERBV) are essential in examining the impact of gaining resources or skills from external sources on the growth of entrepreneurial enterprises. These ideas have significance and importance not just in industrialized economies but also in countries undergoing transition. Our findings suggest that entrepreneurial enterprises should have the ability to manage a wide range of resources and make decisions about which activities should be handled internally and which should be delegated to other parties.

Our findings also imply that entrepreneurial ventures should be able to control many resources and choose which tasks should be performed in-house and which should be outsourced to third parties.

By adopting and leveraging the resource-based view (RBV) and extended resource-based views (ERBV), our study developed a theoretical model about private ownership and government support for moderate outsourcing’s impact on entrepreneurial innovation in a transition economy.

Property developers identify the vital role of social media brand engagement (SMBE) in sustaining their businesses in competitive marketplaces, but it remains underexplored. This paper examines how SMBE mediates the effects of firm-generated content (FGC) and user-generated content (UGC) on brand trust, considering the moderating effects of social media influencer endorsement (SMIE) and self-image congruence (SIC) for luxury residential properties (LRPs).

Around 516 high-income homebuyers in Vietnam who shared information about LRP on social media were targeted to test the research model empirically. The primary data collected from paper-based surveys were analysed using SPSS 26 and AMOS 24.

Results indicate that FGC and UGC positively impact SMBE and consequently significantly affect brand trust. Further, results confirm the moderating roles of SMIE and SIC in the effects of FGC and UGC on SMBE.

Data and sample size were limited to meet the generalisation from different nations and cross cultures.

The authors' findings suggest that marketers should apply the authors' integrated SMBE model to strengthen brand–consumer interactions and increase their sales revenue.

This study is the first in its application of the uses and gratifications theory and self-congruence theory to investigate how SMBE mediates the relationship between FGC and brand trust as well as between UGC and brand trust. Noticeably, this study makes a novel contribution as the first to quantitatively explore the moderating effects of SMIE and SIC in the authors' research model.

This study aims to explore some perceptions related to the suggestion that external auditors will be replaced by audit technologies that use artificial intelligence (AI) tools to make audit judgements when performing the financial statement audits. Digital transformation is revitalising the technologies used by external auditors and their firms; thus, the authors seek to understand what challenges this creates for the auditing profession in Vietnam.

Through the theoretical lens of new institutionalism theory, this study uses a qualitative approach involving 20 semi-structured interviews conducted with external auditors in Vietnam during 2022. This sample includes the global Big Four, global mid-tier and smaller local Vietnamese audit firms.

The findings indicate that there is resistance or disagreement with the suggestion that in the future audit technologies using AI tools can replace humans (external auditors). The role of external auditors in the professional services sector will gradually be changed by audit technologies; however, external auditors are unlikely to be replaced by audit technologies that use AI tools based on the responses of the participants. Strict institutional rules that exist in Vietnam would prevent the replacement of (human) external auditors. In the future, external auditors may take on new roles as consultants, with unique skills in classifying and processing data for decision-making processes; however, they will not be completely replaced by technology in the audit space.

This study has limitations that it is based on the data collection from a single developing country, Vietnam; therefore, the generalisability of the findings is limited to Vietnam. Also, the authors sought insights into the future of external audits in Vietnam.

This study highlights the changing role of auditors and institutions. Thus, policymakers, external auditors and auditees in other developing countries would find the findings helpful.

This study provides new perspectives, particularly from local Vietnamese firms, about audit practices that emerge due to high-level technological advancements and then embed themselves into existing audit practices in an emerging economy. Prior studies tended to focus on the global Big Four firms, thus this study contributes by sharing the perceptions of the smaller practitioners also.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors affecting citizens’ intentions toward sustainable tourism based on a research model integrating two theories: protection motivation theory (PMT) and theory of interpersonal behavior (TIB).

After in-depth interviews with ten people, the authors determined the official research model and builds a complete survey. With the random sampling method, data were collected from 628 Vietnamese respondents at some schools, enterprises and supermarkets. Using the PLS-SEM method, measurement and structural models were evaluated before testing the research hypotheses about the influence of factors on intention toward sustainable tourism.

This paper shows that all constructs of the integrated model PMT-TIB are related to intention toward sustainable tourism, and response efficacy is the most influential factor among the factors included in the research model. PMT-TIB integration model is proven to be superior to the original PMT and TIB models when studying factors affecting intention toward sustainable tourism.

The main limitation of this paper is that the PMT-TIB integration model only mentions motivational and interpersonal factors that influence intention toward sustainable tourism.

The findings indicate that state management agencies and enterprises need to develop specific action programs about each harmful environmental pollution caused by unsustainable tourism, raising awareness about the possibility of environmental protection through sustainable tourism.

This study contributes to the existing theoretical framework by integrating PMT and TIB for the first time in explaining intention toward sustainable tourism. This paper gives implications for Vietnam in particular and developing countries in general in promoting sustainable tourism intentions toward sustainable development according to the government’s goals.

本文的目的是基于保护动机理论（PMT）和人际行为理论（TIB）理论相结合的研究模型, 调查影响公民可持续旅游意愿的因素。

在对10人进行深入访谈后, 作者确定了正式研究模型并建立了完整的调查。 采用随机抽样的方法, 从部分学校、企业和超市收集了628名越南受访者的数据。 在检验有关因素对可持续旅游意向影响的研究假设之前, 使用 PLS-SEM 方法对测量和结构模型进行了评估。

本文表明, 综合模型 PMT-TIB 的所有构造都与可持续旅游的意愿相关, 而响应效能是研究模型中包含的因素中影响最大的因素。 在研究影响可持续旅游意愿的因素时, PMT-TIB集成模型被证明优于原始PMT和TIB模型。

本文的主要局限性是 PMT-TIB 整合模型仅提到动机和人际因素影响可持续旅游的意愿。

研究结果表明, 国家管理机构和企业需要针对不可持续旅游业造成的各种有害环境污染制定具体的行动计划, 提高人们对通过可持续旅游业保护环境的可能性的认识。

本研究首次整合PMT和TIB来解释可持续旅游业的意图, 为现有的理论框架做出了贡献。 论文对越南和广大发展中国家在促进可持续旅游意愿、根据政府目标实现可持续发展方面给出了启示。

El objetivo de este artículo es investigar los factores que influyen en la intención de los ciudadanos hacia el turismo sostenible basándose en un modelo conceptual que integra la teoría de la motivación hacia la protección (PMT) y la teoría del comportamiento interpersonal (TIB).

Tras la realización de entrevistas en profundidad con 10 personas, los autores determinaron el modelo de investigación y elaboraron un cuestionario. Utilizando un muestreo aleatorio para la recogida de datos, se obtuvieron 628 encuestados vietnamitas en escuelas, empresas y supermercados. Se empleó el análisis PLS-SEM para evaluar los modelos de medición y modelos estructurales antes del contraste de las hipótesis de investigación sobre la influencia de los factores en la intención hacia el turismo sostenible.

Este artículo muestra que todos los constructos del modelo integrado PMT-TIB están relacionados con la intención hacia el turismo sostenible y la eficacia de la respuesta es el factor más influyente entre los factores incluidos en el modelo conceptual. Se comprueba que el modelo integrador PMT-TIB es superior a los modelos PMT y TIB originales al estudiar los factores que afectan la intención hacia el turismo sostenible.

La principal limitación de este artículo es que el modelo de integración PMT-TIB solo utiliza factores motivacionales e interpersonales que influyen en la intención hacia el turismo sostenible.

Las conclusiones indican que los organismos estatales de gestión y las empresas deben desarrollar programas de acción específicos sobre cada contaminación ambiental nociva causada por el turismo insostenible, concienciando sobre la posibilidad de proteger el medio ambiente a través del turismo sostenible.

Este estudio contribuye al marco teórico existente al integrar por primera vez la PMT y la TIB en la explicación de la intención hacia el turismo sostenible. El trabajo ofrece implicaciones para Vietnam en particular y para los países en desarrollo en general en la promoción de las intenciones de turismo sostenible, hacia un desarrollo sostenible de acuerdo con los objetivos gubernamentales.

This study aims to address the reliability and construct validity of the Individual Work Performance Questionnaire (IWPQ) in a Vietnamese context. Using the IWPQ as a measurement tool, this research also examined whether demographic features (such as gender, education level, work experience and position in a company) influenced employees’ work performance.

The Vietnamese IWPQ was validated via a two-step process of factor analysis, including an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The data collected were randomly divided into two subsamples to independently serve the EFA (n = 341) and CFA (n = 342). ANOVAs and t-tests were also used to examine the differences in individual work performance (IWP) among different demographic categories.

The results of the current study confirmed the applicability of the three-dimensional IWPQ in a Vietnamese context. In addition, they also indicated several demographic features that impacted employees’ patterns of responses to IWPQ dimensions.

This study focused on the construct validity of the IWPQ, without taking the content, face or criterion validity into consideration. Thus, future research should be conducted to yield a more comprehensive validation of the instrument, to measure the relationship between human resource development (HRD) practices and employee performance and to examine the relationship between strategic HRD and IWP and firm outcomes. In addition, the validated Vietnamese version of the IWPQ may inspire comparative studies on individual performance within and between units in an organization and among organizations and industries.

HRD practitioners can now use the validated IWPQ in the Vietnamese language to assess fluctuations in and analyze current staff performance, thereby facilitating human resource management and development. This study also offers recommendations for business leaders and HRD practitioners striving to implement strategic HRD aimed at reducing disparities in gender and between educational qualifications and job assignments at workplace, with the overarching goals of enhancing staff performance. These recommendations prove instrumental in improving staff performance, strengthening organizational efficiency and ultimately tackling the issue of low productivity in Vietnam and neighboring countries.

This study findings underscore the significance of embracing strategic HRD while taking into account individual, organizational and contextual factors that influence IWP. This approach serves to bridge current gaps related to IWP, including Vietnam’s comparatively lower productivity compared to neighboring nations, educational qualifications and role allocations within the workplace, as well as the prevailing work standards and strategic objectives.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this rigorously validated Vietnamese version of the IWPQ is the first of its kind in Vietnam, making a significant contribution to inclusivity initiatives and offering substantial evidence to affirm the IWPQ’s relevance across diverse contexts.

Based on the trait activation theory, the current study systematically integrates how autonomy interacts with proactivity to influence the relationship between ethical leadership style and employee creativity.

Using simple random sampling and questionnaires, a sample of 475 engineering employees of 3 leading telecommunication companies in Ghana were obtained. The analysis was done using structured equation modeling (SEM), using SmartPLS.

The results showed that ethical leadership style provides employees with job autonomy which facilitates individual creativity. Employee proactivity also moderates a positive relationship between autonomy and creativity such that high-proactive employees are well placed to produce more creative outcomes when given autonomy. At the individual level, personal characteristics determine the degree of creativity.

The current study implies that telecommunication companies should put in more efforts to train and encourage leaders to be ethical in leaders' dealings with employees and employees must be rewarded for taking initiative.

With a focus on the integrative approach from a developing economy, this work is novel in exploring how contextual and personal features impact creativity.