Affordable air transport service

, 1

Air Asia

, 209

Air Chathams

, 246

Air China

, 80, 86–88, 108

Air Liberalization Index (ALI)

, 66–67, 152

for Kazakhstan

, 70, 72

for Tajikistan

, 72

for Turkmenistan

, 72

for Uzbekistan

, 71

Air New Zealand

, 246, 249–250

Air service availability

Australia and Asia

, 152–154

causality in aviation and tourism demand

, 151–152

data

, 154–155

dynamic system generalized method of moments estimator

, 156–158

economics of tourism demand and air transportation

, 147–151

endogeneity problem

, 155–156

implications

, 163–164

method

, 155

study context and data

, 152

testing model

, 158–159

total inbound visitors

, 159–162

travel purpose

, 162–163

various forms of endogeneity in panel data

, 156

Air services agreements (ASAs)

, 41, 62, 124–125

Air traffic

markets

, 222

volume

, 268

Air Transport World (ATW)

, 201

Air transport(ation)

, 80, 124, 147–151, 196, 222

Codeshare and Airline Alliance

, 130–133

deregulation

, 124–128

development

, 260

hub-and-spoke system

, 133

low-cost carriers

, 128–130

network

, 246, 252

impact of Open Skies

, 133–134

regulation

, 124–128

service

, 1, 3, 62

Sri Lanka Tourist Arrivals

, 132

and tourism demand

, 149–151

AIRail service

, 117

Airbus A320 aircraft

, 260

AIRDO (see Hokkaido International Airlines)

Airfares

, 156

deregulation of

, 83–84

Airline consolidations in China

, 85

into “Big Three” Airline Groups

, 85–86

elimination of regional airlines

, 85

large-scale airline mergers

, 86–87

Airline Deregulation Act (ADA)

, 126

Airline mergers, large-scale

, 86–87

Airline-HSR integration

, 104–105, 115

co-location of airport and HSR station

, 117–118

cooperation between airlines/airports and HSR

, 116–117

service integration

, 105

Airline-in-airline strategy

, 2

Airline(s) (see also Chinese Airline Industry; Singapore Airlines)

, 1–2, 7, 271

alliance

, 130–133

competition measurement in China’s domestic market

, 87–90

equilibrium effort level

, 281

groups

, 80

measuring productivity change of

, 203–205

network scheduling process

, 151

operations impact on airport planning and development

, 259–260

performance

, 198–199

technical efficiency and productivity results

, 207–215

transport service

, 4

Airline–rail integration

, 117

Airlines-within-airlines (AWA)

, 19–20

Airport Authority of Hong Kong

, 85

Airport–airline relationship

, 268, 271

Airports (see also New Zealand’s airports)

, 7, 271

alliance

, 272

business contribution of airport environments

, 252–253

congestion and pricing

, 272

connectivity

, 249

efficiency

, 222

environments

, 253

facilitated contribution of airport network

, 253

in imports and exports

, 254–255

infrastructure investments

, 269

localization

, 85

network

, 251–252

privatization and regulation

, 272

role in economic development

, 251

runway length

, 228

in tourism growth

, 255–259

Airports Council International (ACI)

, 285

All Nippon Airways (ANA)

, 11

Amami O-shima Island

, 17

American Airlines

, 130

Asia-Pacific region

, 5–6, 80, 146

aviation overview for

, 268–270

Asian countries

, 104

Asian inbound tourism

, 5, 147

tourism in

, 152–154

Asian tourism markets

, 2, 117, 146

Asiana Airlines

, 250

Association of Asia-Pacific Airlines (AAPA)

, 1

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

, 6, 128, 221–222

airports

, 232

ASEAN-China Air Transport Agreement

, 134

cargo efficiency of

, 240–241

movement efficiency of

, 242–243

passenger efficiency of

, 238–239

Auckland International Airport

, 246, 249–250, 252, 255–256

Australia

International Visitor Survey

, 155

tourism in

, 152–154

Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC)

, 131

Autocorrelation

, 206

Available seat kilometer (ASK)

, 108, 179

Aviation

, 62

capacity

, 146

causality in

, 151–152

overview for Asia Pacific Region

, 268–270

sector players

, 270

service

, 62

Beijing International Airport

, 85, 88

Beijing–Guangzhou route

, 93

Beijing–Shanghai HSR

, 95

Beijing–Shanghai route

, 93

Benchmarking

, 207

Bermuda Agreement

, 125

“Beyond right” freedom

, 134

“Big Four” Airlines

, 98

“Big Three” airline groups

, 80, 85–86

“Big Three” carriers

, 84, 89–90

Blenheim and Dunedin airports

, 251

Boeing 737–300 aircraft

, 260

Boeing 737–800 aircraft

, 260

Boeing 777 aircraft

, 48

Boeing 777–300ER aircraft

, 47

BP Air

, 130

Braniff Airlines

, 129

Business travelers

, 162–163

Cargos

, 228

Causality in aviation and tourism demand

, 151–152

Centrair (see Chubu Centrair International Airport)

Central Asia

Central Asian international routes

, 69–70

international aviation market in Central Asia

, 64–68

market analysis for

, 68–74

Ceteris paribus effect

, 150

Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes model (CCR model)

, 202, 224

Chengdu airports

, 106

Chicago Convention (see Convention on International Civil Aviation (1944))

China

airline consolidations and competition in domestic market

, 85–90

airline deregulation

, 87

Civil Aviation under Central Planning

, 82

deregulation of airfare

, 83–84

LCC sector

, 107

transition from central planning to market orientation

, 82–83

China Airlines

, 250

China Civil Aviation

, 171

China Eastern Airlines

, 80, 84–85, 108

China Railway Corporation (CRC)

, 93

China Railways

, 93

China Southern Airlines

, 250

China Southern Airlines

, 80, 85, 108

China Statistical Yearbook

, 171–172, 176

Chinese air carriers

, 4

Chinese Airline Industry

, 80

CAAC

, 171–172

data and methodology

, 171

effects of HSR on

, 90–97

empirical results

, 178

Expectation Model

, 179–182

fixed effect Tobit analysis

, 182–185

history and deregulation

, 82–85

means and standard deviations of relevant variables

, 179

on-time performance

, 170–171, 173–178

random effect estimation results

, 185–192

service quality

, 169–170

Chinese airports

, 85

Chinese city-pair air passenger flows, determinants of

, 94

Chinese FSCs

, 109

Chinese HSR network

, 81

Christchurch airport

, 249–250, 253, 255

Chubu Centrair International Airport

, 30

Civil Aeronautics Act

, 12

Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB)

, 125

Civil Air Navigation Services Organization (CANSO)

, 285

Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC)

, 4, 80, 82–83, 109, 171–172

Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand

, 253

Civil Aviation Authority of Thailand

, 130

Co-location of Airport and HSR station

, 117–118

Codeshare

, 130–133

Commercial Air Lines

, 135

Commercialization

, 246

Competition and regulatory change

, 2–3

Competitive aviation sector in Asia

, 6

Conduct parameter

, 88

Contractual payment structures

, 274

Convention on International Civil Aviation (1944)

, 124, 134

Corporate actions

, 176–177

Counterfactual analysis

, 69

Cournot model

, 88

Cournot-type noncooperative games framework

, 277

Customer complaints

, 172, 177, 185

Customer satisfaction

, 169–170

Data envelopment analysis (DEA)

, 200, 202, 207, 222–224

Decision-making units (DMUs)

, 200, 207, 223, 226

Delta Airlines

, 133

Dependent variable

, 148, 155

Deregulation (see also Regulation)

in air transport

, 124–128

of airfare

, 83–84

and Open Skies

, 126–128

passenger traffic and growth rate

, 127

of route entry and exit

, 84

Deregulation Act

, 129

Destination composite prices

, 149–150

Difference-in-differences approach (DID approach)

, 112, 116

Disaggregate output efficiency

, 224

Discrete events

, 148

Domestic air transport

, 9, 11, 249

Domestic routes

, 17

Dominant carrier

, 178

Dubai-based airline

, 34

Durbin–Wu–Hausman test (DWH test)

, 158–159

Dynamic endogeneity

, 156

Dynamic panel GMM models

, 155

Dynamic system GMM moments estimator

, 156–159

Econometric principles

, 146

Economic crisis

, 215

Economic development, airports role in

, 251–259

Economic indicators for countries in Central Asia

, 64

Economic theory

, 149

Economics of tourism demand and air transportation (see also Low-cost carriers (LCCs))

, 147

air transport and tourism demand

, 149–151

factors influencing tourism demand

, 149

international tourism demand

, 147–148

Eighth freedom of air

, 138

Emirates

, 133, 250

growth

, 34–35

Empirical analysis

, 5, 91

Empirical evidence on causality

, 151–152

Endogeneity

, 150–151

in panel data

, 156

problem

, 155–156

Endogenous regressors

, 156

Endogenous-weight TFP method

, 223

“Entry barrier” parameter

, 68–69

European markets

, 91

European Union (EU)

commission

, 128

SAM

, 63

single air transport market

, 125

Europe–Australasian corridor

, 43

Exchange rates

, 154

Exports, airports role in

, 254–255

Far Eastern Air Transport

, 135

Fiji Airways

, 250

Firms

, 198

Fixed effect

model

, 111

panel regressions

, 155, 162

Tobit analysis

, 182–185

Flag carrier

, 125, 126

FlyDubai airline

, 36

Frankfurt–Kuala Lumpur–Frankfurt market

, 51–52

Freedoms of air

, 134, 137–138

Fuel cost

, 201

Fujian Airlines

, 85

Fukuoka airport

, 9, 11

Fukuoka city

, 22

Full-service carriers (FSCs)

, 2–3, 12, 18–19, 104

Full-service Turkish Airlines

, 36

Game-theoretic framework

, 197, 271, 276, 277

Gaming behavior

, 270

Generalized method of moments approach (GMM approach)

, 5, 147, 201, 205–206

Generalized travel costs

, 112

“Genuine” LCCs

, 2–3, 11

Geography

proximity

, 160

of tourist flows

, 153

Global air mobility

, 146

Global airline transport service sector

, 2

Global aviation policy

, 2

Global Financial Crisis (GFC)

, 149, 154

Global sourcing

, 197

Government agency

, 131

Government-owned airports

, 269

Gravity model approach

, 94

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 43–45, 252

Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport

, 88

Gulf Air

, 34

Hainan Airlines

, 84, 85

“Half-fare sale” strategy

, 129

Hamilton airport

, 251

Haneda (see Tokyo International Airport)

Hangzhou International Airport

, 85

Hansen test

, 215

Hansen-J test statistic

, 206–207

Hartsfield–Jackson International Airport

, 133

“Headline-grabbing” service

, 46–47

Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI)

, 64, 76, 87, 152

Heteroskedasticity

, 156

High-speed rail (HSR)

, 11, 81, 104

airline–HSR integration

, 115–118

in China

, 4

competition between LCCs and

, 20–22

development in China

, 92–94

effects on Chinese airline industry

, 90–97

estimated HSR speed effect

, 115

impact on Chinese Airline Industry

, 94–97

and LCC interaction

, 106–110

network in China

, 107

networks

, 2

operating statistics of China’s HSR

, 106

rear-ending accident

, 105

routes with HSR competition

, 114

speed effect on airlines

, 112–115

speed impact on airlines

, 110–115

travel time

, 81

unit operating cost comparison

, 110

Hokkaido International Airlines

, 11–12

Holiday travelers

, 163

Hong Kong–Bangkok market

, 5, 134

airline operating services between

, 136

one-way airfare

, 137

“7–23 HSR rear-ending accident”

, 111, 113–114

Hub-and-spoke system

, 133, 251

Ideal departure/arrival time

, 131

Imports, airports role in

, 254–255

Inbound visitors boost in Japan

, 25–29

Incheon International Airport

, 106

Income

, 154

and destination prices

, 146

elasticity

, 164

Industry High Level Group (IHLG)

, 268

Industry performance

, 6

Intercept

, 280, 282

Interdependence of airports and airlines

, 7

International air freight movement

, 254

International Air Navigation Conference

, 124

International Air Transport Association (IATA)

, 80, 125, 201, 285

International airlines

, 249

International airports

, 6, 232–234, 249, 260

International aviation market

, 62

in Central Asia

, 64–68

International aviation regulatory issues

, 124

International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO)

, 124, 285

International Commission for Air Navigation (ICAN)

, 124, 125

International Coordinating Council of Aerospace Industries Associations (ICCAIA)

, 285

International gateway hubs

, 249

International inbound tourism

, 256

International tourism

, 257

demand

, 147–148

International tourist

arrivals

, 256–257

movements

, 257

Ireland-based Ryan

, 138

Itami (see Osaka International Airport)

iv-type instrument

, 206

J-test Statistics

, 206

Jakarta–Amsterdam–Jakarta market

, 51

Japan Air Service (JAS)

, 11–12

Japan Airlines (JAL)

, 11

Japanese aviation market, LCCs in

barriers of LCCs expansion

, 29

boost of inbound visitors in Japan and impact of LCC

, 25–29

competition between LCCs and high-speed rail

, 20–22

Japanese domestic market related to LCCs

, 11–12

location of major airports in Japan

, 10

movement of LCCs

, 12–20

Open Sky policy in Japan

, 22–25

trend of passenger volume in domestic market in Japan

, 10

Japanese Civil Aeronautics Act

, 11–12

Japanese Civil Aviation Bureau (JCAB)

, 22

Japanese domestic market

, 12

related to low-cost carriers

, 11–12

Jetstar

, 138, 246, 250, 260

Kansai (see Kansai International Airport)

Kansai Airport

, 13–14

Kansai International Airport

, 30

Kazakhstan

air liberalization index for

, 70, 72

air transport services

, 62

Keihanshin Metropolitan area

, 30

Key economic indicators

, 64

Key performance indices

, 270

Kiwi Regional Airlines

, 246

Korean Train Express (KTX)

, 81, 106

Kyrgyzstan

air transport services

, 62

WTO air liberalization index for

, 70

Labor cost

, 201

Land transport system

, 259

Lerner index

, 89

Liberalization

, 63, 268–269

in air transport

, 137

freedoms of air

, 137–138

relaxing ownership restrictions

, 138–139

Liberalization of Passenger Air Services in Bangkok

, 128

LIMDEP 8.0 package

, 178

Linear incentive

contract

, 277–278

scheme

, 270, 273

Linear payoff function model

, 283–284

Linear programming approach

, 203–204

Linear risk-sharing

contracts

, 270–271, 274

scheme

, 278

Load Factor Guarantee Mechanism (LFGM)

, 273, 278

Low-cost carriers (LCCs) (see also Economics of tourism demand and air transportation)

, 2–3, 11, 63, 84, 104, 128–130, 249, 260, 269

barriers of LCCs expansion

, 29

competition between HSR and

, 20–22

and HSR interaction

, 106–110

impact

, 25–29

Japanese domestic market related to

, 11–12

movement of

, 12–20

Lumpy investment

, 269

Madrid–Barcelona market

, 111

Maintenance, repair, and overhauls activities (MRO activities)

, 196, 199

Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI)

, 200, 203, 223

Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon test (MWW test)

, 223, 228, 233, 235

Market

analysis for Central Asia

, 68–74

competition index

, 89, 90

concentration index

, 89

market-oriented reforms

, 80

market/route fixed-effects

, 156

Mathematical programming approaches

, 202

MaxDEA software Pro 6.2

, 205

Mean-variance utility function

, 279–280, 284

Measurement error

, 150

MEC

, 263 n3

“Mid-and Long-Term Railway Network Plan”

, 81

Mid-to-Long-Term Railway Network Plan (MLTRNP)

, 92, 107

Middle East airlines: Emirates, Etihad, and Qatar Airways (ME3)

, 3, 34, 36

location advantages

, 41–46

Mining-related industry

, 147

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism (MLIT)

, 9, 11

Ministry of Railways (MOR)

, 92, 111–112

Ministry of Transport (MOT)

, 93

Modal split models

, 96

Modified employee counts (MECs)

, 252

Moments estimator, generalized method of

, 205–207

Movement

, 228

Multilateral Agreement (MA)

, 128

Multilateral Agreement on Full Liberalization of Passenger Air Services (MAFLPAS)

, 128

Multiple-airports system (MAS)

, 116

Nagoya/Centrair airport

, 9, 11

‘Naive’ model

, 179–182

Narita (see Narita International Airport)

Narita International Airport

, 30

Narita–Amami by Vanilla Air

, 17

Nash bargaining framework

, 277, 280

National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC)

, 80

National ownership rules

, 128

National-wide analysis

, 95

Negotiation power balance

, 283–284

Nelson airport

, 251

New Chitose Airport

, 30

“New emerging” airlines

, 12, 17, 29

New Regulations for Foreign Investment in Civil Aviation Industry

, 84

New Zealand Airport Association

, 252, 258–259

New Zealand’s airports

, 246

impact of airline operations and tourism growth

, 259–260

airports role in economic development

, 251–259

infrastructure development and future plan of

, 261

performance and network change in

, 246–251

recent development and airlines in service

, 262

system

, 7

New Zealand’s economy

, 7, 246, 255–258

“New” AirAsia Japan

, 17

Newly industrialized countries (NICs)

, 196

Ninth freedom of air

, 125, 138

Noncore services

, 199

Noneconomic determinants

, 3

Noneconomic factors

, 66

Northwest Airlines

, 131

Notice on Deepening Domestic Airfare Reform

, 83

Notice on Policies Concerning Foreign Investment in Civil Aviation

, 84

Noto Airport

, 273

LFGM

, 273–276

Official Airline Guide (OAG)

, 73, 246

OLS

, 155, 158

dynamic pooled

, 162

simple pooled OLS model

, 156

On-time performance of scheduled flights

, 171, 173–178

“One class multiple discounts” policy

, 83

One way airfare (OW airfare)

, 130

Open Skies

, 126–128

impact of

, 133–134

agreement

, 63, 127, 137–138

air policy

, 22–25, 119

Operating cost

, 201

Operating fleet

, 201

Operating margin (OM_it)

, 178

Operating revenue

, 177

“Opinion with regard to Promotion of Civil Aviation Development”

, 83

Origin-destination (OD)

, 109

Orthogonality conditions

, 159

Osaka International Airport

, 30

Osaka Metropolitan Area

, 28–29

Osaka/Itami airport

, 9, 11

Osaka/Kansai airport

, 9, 11

Output-oriented efficiency indicator

, 224

Outsourcing

, 197

and airline performance

, 198–199

airlines

, 201–202

data descriptions and empirical approach

, 199

generalized method of moments estimator

, 205–207

impact on airlines’ performance

, 196–197

impact results on productivity and technical efficiency

, 213–215

measuring productivity change of airlines

, 203–205

performance enhancing attributes

, 198

results of airlines technical efficiency and productivity

, 207–213

technical efficiency and productivity growth

, 199–200

technical efficiency estimation

, 202–203

Overall technical efficiency (OTE)

, 223

Panel fixed-effects model

, 152

Paris Convention conference (1919)

, 124

Passenger kilometer (PKM)

, 179, 193

Passengers

, 1–2, 228

demand and satisfaction

, 4–5

expectations in Chinese Airline Industry

, 169–192

income

, 2

volume

, 66

PB Air

, 130

Peach Aviation and Jetstar Japan

, 2–3

People’s Republic of China (PRC)

, 82

Performance enhancing attributes of outsourcing

, 198

Pre-tax profit margin (PTPM)

, 178, 192

“Price of Domestic Air Transport Aviation Reform Program”

, 80

Pricing

, 48, 50

Amsterdam–Jakarta–Amsterdam Itinerary

, 52

Frankfurt–Kuala Lumpur–Frankfurt Itinerary

, 54

Jakarta–Amsterdam–Jakarta Itinerary

, 53

Kuala Lumpur–Frankfurt–Kuala Lumpur Itinerary

, 55

model

, 80

revenue (USD) per passenger over years

, 57

Shanghai (Pudong)–Singapore–Shanghai Itinerary

, 57

Sydney–London, UK–Sydney Itinerary

, 56

Private and foreign investment

, 139

Private sector

, 270

Privatization

, 84–85, 246, 269

Profitability in Chinese Airline Industry

, 169–192

Propensity score matching (PSM)

, 96, 109

Public Private Partnership (PPP)

, 269

Qantas

, 250

Qantas Airways

, 130

Qatar Airways

, 36

Qualitative factors (QF)

, 148

Queenstown airport

, 263

R&D productivity

, 224

Railway administration functions

, 93

Random effect model

, 73–74

Rate-making distance

, 93

Reference point

, 280

Regional airlines, elimination of

, 85

Regional airports

, 249, 260

Regional type airport

, 232, 234

Regional/local airports

, 11

Regulation (see also Deregulation)

in air transport

, 124–128

history

, 124–126

regulatory reform

, 2

“Regulation on Domestic Investment on Civil Aviation”

, 84

“Regulation on Operation of Chinese Civil Aviation Domestic Routes and Flights”

, 84

“Regulation on Operation on Domestic Routes”

, 84

Revenue passenger kilometer (RPK)

, 196, 201

Revenue ton kilometer (RTK)

, 171, 178, 193

Risk-sharing contract

aviation overview for Asia Pacific Region

, 268–270

discussion

, 283–284

framework of analysis

, 280–283

intercept or reference point

, 280

literature review

, 271–273

model

, 276

Noto airport LFGM

, 273–276

results

, 280

setting

, 276–280

slope

, 280

vertical arrangements and linear risk-sharing contracts

, 270–271

Ryanair effect

, 129

Safety effect

, 95, 105

of HSR speed on airlines

, 111–112

Sakon Nakhon

, 130

Sapporo (see New Chitose Airport)

Sapporo airport

, 9, 11

Sargan test of overidentifying restrictions

, 206

“Scheme of Domestic Airfare Reform”

, 83

Seat capacity

, 146

Sendai Airport

, 25

Sensitivity analyses

, 96

Serial correlation

, 156

Service quality in Chinese Airline Industry

, 169–192

Service transit agreement

, 125

Seventh freedom of air

, 137–138

Shanghai Airlines

, 84

Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport

, 88, 117–118

Shanghai Pudong International Airport

, 88

Shenzhen Airlines

, 84, 86–87, 177

Shinkansen, dense network of HSR

, 20

Shirking behavior

, 270

Simple linear payoff function

, 283

Singapore Airlines

, 3, 250

competing on quality

, 46

FSC Singapore Airlines

, 3

full-service Oman Air

, 36

lessons from

, 58–59

ME3’s location advantages

, 41–46

pricing

, 48, 50–57

route map for Emirates

, 37

route network

, 38–39

scheduled flight routings for Emirates to Europe & South-East Asia

, 35

service features

, 46–48, 49–50

strengths

, 56, 58

Single Aviation Market (SAM)

, 63

agreement

, 125

Skymark Airlines

, 11–12

Skynet Asia Airways

, 11–12

SkyTeam

, 131–132

Slope

, 280

Sociopolitical factors

, 3

Solaseed Air

, 12

Sounds Air

, 246, 251

Southeast Asian countries

, 221

Southwest Airlines

, 129

“Southwest effect”

, 129, 130

Speed reduction

, 112

Spring Airlines

, 84–85, 98, 109

Sri Lankan Airlines’ codeshare partnership

, 131

Star Alliance

, 131–132

Star Flyer

, 12

Statistical Data on Civil Aviation of China

, 172

Stimulative effect of aviation

, 164

Strategic outsourcing

, 197

Super-SBM DEA model

, 224

System GMM procedure

, 205

Tag-end cabotage

, 125

Tajikistan

air liberalization index for

, 72

air transport services

, 62

Target load factor

, 280

Technical efficiency of airline, outsourcing impact on

, 213–215

TFP MPI

, 203

Thai Airways International

, 130, 137

Thomson Airways

, 250

Tobit model

, 172

Tokyo International Airport

, 30

Tokyo/Haneda airport

, 9, 11

Tokyo/Narita airport

, 9, 11

Total inbound visitors

, 159–162

Total-factor output efficiencies (TFOE)

, 233

annual average efficiency score

, 230–231

ASEAN

, 221–222

average output efficiency scores of airports

, 230

average passenger efficiency scores by ASEAN countries

, 231–232

cargo efficiency of ASEAN airports

, 240–241

correlation coefficients of inputs and outputs

, 229

DEA

, 222–223

international type airport

, 232–234

literature review

, 223–224

methodology

, 224–228

movement efficiency of ASEAN airports

, 242–243

MWW test

, 235

passenger efficiency of ASEAN airports

, 238–239

results

, 228

Tourism

, 148

consumption

, 148

routes

, 16–17

Tourism 2025–Growing Value Together

, 257

Tourism demand

causality in aviation and

, 151–152

economics

, 147–151

Tourism development in Asia Pacific

air transport deregulation impact on tourism industry

, 128–134

Hong Kong–Bangkok market

, 134–137

liberalization in air transport

, 137–139

regulation and deregulation in air transport

, 124–128

Tourism growth

, 7

airports role in

, 255–259

impact on airport planning and development

, 259–260

Trans World Airlines (TWA)

, 126

Transport mode

, 2

Travel purpose

, 162–163

“Travel time” effect

, 95, 105, 110

of HSR speed on airlines

, 111

Turkmenistan

air liberalization index for

, 72

air transport services

, 62

Two-stage approach

, 223

Two-stage least square (2SLS)

, 73, 74–75

Two-step GMM estimator

, 206, 213

“Tyranny” of distance

, 153

UK EasyJet

, 138

UK House of Commons Transport Committee

, 62

United Arab Emirates

, 128, 139

United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO)

, 148

United States (US)

airline market

, 125

aviation market

, 126

open-skies model

, 127

Urumqi

, 66

Uzbekistan

air transport services

, 62

WTO air liberalization index for

, 71

Value-added effect (VA effect)

, 252, 255

Vanilla Air

, 20

Vertical alliance

, 268

Vertical arrangements

, 270–271

Vertical HSR corridors

, 98, 119

Virgin Australia

, 250

Visiting friends and relatives (VFR)

, 163, 256

Wellington airport

, 249–251

Wenzhou train accident

, 95

World Trade Organization (WTO)

, 66–67

ALI for Kyrgyzstan

, 70

ALI for Uzbekistan

, 71

Trade Facilitation Agreement

, 1

Zhengzhou airport

, 106, 108