Accessibility

, 126

Adaptation

, 17–19

Airbnb

, 259

Anatomage Table

, 112–115

Artificial intelligence (AI)

, 143–144

Asian-Pacific region

adopted models

, 166

comparison between regions

, 163–164

implementation of teleworking in multinationals in

, 163–166

legislation in

, 164–165

Attitudes toward behavior

, 13–14

Audit trials

, 23

BedZED

, 83

Behavioral theory of the firm

, 27–29

#BlackLivesMatter

, 111–112

Blockchain technology

, 100–101

Build–operate–transfer contracts (BOT contracts)

, 20

Business, Innovation, and Skills (BIS)

, 58

Business continuity resilient strategies for small businesses in pandemic times

, 61–62

Business model

, 94–95

Capability

, 30

Carbon emissions

, 83

Circular economy

, 71

and international business models

, 98–99

models

, 94

City

, 81–82

City Resilience Index (CRI)

, 59

Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI)

, 93–94, 97–98

international business strategies based on

, 97–98

Cluster Management Organization (CMO)

, 95–96

Coercive isomorphism

, 11–12

Commitment process

, 29–30

Comparative advantage theory

, 40–41

Competence-based theory

, 4–6

Competitive advantage

, 2

theory

, 39–40

Competitiveness

, 2

Conditional value

, 73

Conservation of resource theory (COR theory)

, 162

Contingency theory

, 4

Cooperation

, 38

COVID-19

, 241

conscious tourists

, 178–179

impact of covid-19 pandemic and origin of new trends in world of tourism

, 67–68

impact in tourism sector

, 174–181

pandemic

, 57–58, 107–108, 115, 160, 187–188, 211–212

tourism sector before

, 174

Cross-cultural approach

, 256

cross-cultural online promotion of tourism

, 259–260

growth of industry

, 257–258

hospitality

, 259

influence of cross-cultural approach in decision of touristic destination

, 260–261

recreation

, 261

sustainable tourism

, 258–259

Crypto-economy

, 94

Cryptocurrencies for sustainable business models

, 100–101

Decision-making

, 6

Deductive method

, 21–22

Deglobalization

, 16–17

Department of Transport, Tourism, and Sport (DTTAS)

, 177–178

Dependence on others

, 13

Digital

, 108

Digital as new sustainable business model

, 100

Digital technologies

, 111–112

Digital tools

experience with

, 110–115

teachers’ experience with

, 115–116

Digital tourists

, 180–181

Digital transformation (DT)

, 158–159

Digitalization

, 100

Domestic tourism

, 66, 177–178

Eclectic theory of international production

, 42–43

Eco-conscious tourists

, 179–180

Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)

, 144–145

Economic impacts

, 187–189, 194

hospitality

, 193–194

recreational tourism

, 189–191

Ecotourism

, 65–66, 179

Education

, 107–108, 265–266

Educational institutions

, 95

Educational models

, 267

Effectiveness

, 229

Effort expectancy (EE)

, 14–16

Emotional value

, 73

Emotions and compulsions

, 12–13

Empathy

, 3

Employee job satisfaction

, 160–162

boosters

, 160–162

Endogenous uncertainty

, 7

Energy

, 137–138

Energy policy

, 145–146

sustainable energy policies

, 143–147

Energy systems in Latin America

, 139–141

Energy-related changes in environment and climate context

, 141–143

Energy–environment relations

, 138

Entrepreneur

, 240, 244–245

Entrepreneurship

, 240

in hospitality and tourism

, 241–242, 246–247

Environmental sustainability within urban innovation

, 82–84

Epistemic value

, 73

Equity modes

, 19–20

Escala Latinoamericana y Caribeña de Seguridad Alimentaria (ELCSA)

, 126

Ethanol diplomacy

, 145

Exogenous uncertainty

, 7

Experiential, active learning model (EAL model)

, 95

Facilitating conditions (FC)

, 14–16

Food insecurity

, 123–125

leading causes of food insecurity in Latin America

, 126–128

measurement and indicators

, 125–126

sustainable proposals applied by organizations and governments

, 128–129

Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES)

, 126

Food security

, 123–126

Food system management

, 125

Food waste management approach

, 99

Foreign direct investment (FDI)

, 16

Functional value

, 73

Fundamental options theory

, 6

Game theory

, 2–3

Geotourism

, 71

Gini coefficient

, 142–143

Global E Sustainability Initiative (GeSI)

, 93–94

international business strategies based on

, 96–97

Global pandemic

, 174–175

Globalization

, 2

“Go Turkey” platform

, 222

Grade Point Average (GPA)

, 112–115

Green economy

, 143

Green infrastructure

, 83

Green tourism

, 65–66

Greenfield Operations

, 21

Greenhouse gases (GHGs)

, 141

Heckscher–Ohlin theory

, 41

Higher education

, 266–267

Hospitality

, 66, 259

economic impacts

, 193–194

services

, 187–188

socio-cultural impact

, 197–198

Hospitality and tourism sector (H&T sector)

, 239–240

cases of entrepreneurship

, 246–247

entrepreneurship

, 240–242

environmental problems and sustainable solutions in

, 242

financial and political problems and sustainable solutions in

, 244–245

innovation and technologies in

, 246

social problems and sustainable solutions in

, 243–244

ventures

, 240–241

Human capital, value to

, 160

Imagination

, 3

Impacts

, 247–248

Implementation of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (ICIREDD)

, 146

Implementation planning

, 6

Individual differences

, 12–13

Inductive method

, 21–22

Inductive theory building

, 21–22

Industry performance

, 212

Information, skills, and abilities

, 12–13

Information and communication technology (ICT)

, 14, 57, 156

Information technology (IT)

, 100–101, 158–159

Innovation

, 83

Input-Mediator-Output-Input system (I-M-O-I system)

, 162–163

Institutional theory

, 11–12

Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)

, 58, 124

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

, 143

Internalization theory

, 27

International business

, 2

behavioral theory of the firm

, 27–29

comparative advantage theory

, 40–41

competence-based theory

, 4–6

competitive advantage theory

, 39–40

contingency theory

, 4

deglobalization

, 16–17

eclectic theory of international production

, 42–43

game theory

, 2–3

Heckscher–Ohlin theory

, 41

inductive theory building

, 21–22

institutional theory

, 11–12

internalization theory

, 27

international market entry modes

, 19–21

international marketing strategy

, 17–19

knowledge-based view of firm

, 35

multinationals’ misbehaviors framework

, 26–27

network theory

, 23–24

organizational ecology

, 25

product cycle theory

, 30–31

prospect theory

, 31–32

R-A theory

, 9–10

real options theory

, 6–7

resource dependence theory

, 36–38

resource-based view of firm

, 34

service-dominant logic

, 36

social capital theory

, 32–34

stakeholder theory

, 7–9

strategic choice theory

, 38–39

strategies based on CCPI

, 97–98

strategies based on global E sustainability initiative

, 96–97

strategies based on sustainable development goals

, 95–96

strategies based on sustainable initiatives

, 95–98

strategies based on WRI

, 97

strength of weak ties theory

, 24–25

theories

, 2

theory building in qualitative research

, 22–23

TPB

, 12–14

translation theory

, 41–42

upper echelons theory

, 10–11

Uppsala model

, 29–30

UTAUT

, 14–16

utilitarian ethical theory

, 25–26

International joint ventures (IJV)

, 17

International market entry modes

, 19–21

International marketing strategy

, 17–19

Intuition

, 3

Isomorphism

, 11–12

JD-R model

, 162

Job satisfaction

, 156

Joint venture (JV)

, 20–21

Knowledge

development process

, 29–30

knowledge-based view of firm

, 35

management strategy

, 62

production

, 35

Latin America

, 138

energy systems in

, 139–141

energy-related changes in environment and climate context

, 141–143

leading causes of food insecurity in

, 126–128

Leadership

and influence on job performance

, 158–159

styles

, 159

Legal and political environment within urban innovation

, 85–87

Machine learning (ML)

, 143–144

Marketing mix

, 18

Markets

, 1–2

Mimetic processes or isomorphism

, 12

Most visited countries

, 213–229

China

, 218–219

France

, 213–214

Germany

, 227

Italy

, 219–221

Mexico

, 223–224

Spain

, 214–216

Thailand

, 224–225

Turkey

, 221–222

United Kingdom

, 228–229

United States

, 217–218

Motivational Model (MM)

, 14

Multinational enterprise (MNE)

, 18

Multinationals’ misbehaviors framework

, 26–27

Nash Equilibrium

, 3

National Climate Change Policy

, 145

National Energy Plan (PEN)

, 146

National Energy Secretariat (SNE)

, 146

National tourism organizations (NTOs)

, 239–240

Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)

, 145

Near-zero energy buildings (nZEBs)

, 143–144

Net Present Value (NPV)

, 6

Network theory

, 23–24

New organizational models, management and leadership in

, 162–163

New technology

, 166

Nonequity modes

, 19–20

Nonprofit organizations (NPOs)

, 243

Normative pressures or isomorphism

, 12

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

, 143

sustainability indicators

, 93–94

Organizational ecology

, 25

Organizational management

, 156

Organizational resilience

, 60–61

Pandemic

, 175

Perceived behavioral control

, 13–14

Performance

, 158

Performance expectancy (PE)

, 14–16

PESTEL model

, 61

Pfeffer/Salancik diagram

, 37–38

Plastic handling approach

, 98–99

Platform for Accelerating the Circular Economy (PACE)

, 97

Post-COVID-19

, 266

Postpandemic university education

, 265–266

Power of will

, 12–13

Prisoner’s Dilemma case

, 3

Problem structuring

, 6

Problem-based learning (PBL)

, 269

Product cycle theory

, 30–31

Prospect theory

, 31–32

Proximity tourism

, 177–178

Real options theory

, 6–7

Reasoning

, 3

Recovery policies

, 212

Recreation

, 71, 73, 75, 261

Recreational tourism (see also Sustainable tourism)

, 187–188

economic impacts

, 189–191

socio-cultural impact

, 195–197

Resilience

, 60–61

Resource dependence theory

, 36–38

Resource-advantage theory (R-A theory)

, 9–10

Resource-based view of firm

, 34

Responsible tourism

, 65–66, 71

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)

, 108

education

, 108–110

experience with digital tools

, 110–115

teachers’ experience with digital tools

, 115–116

Self-determination theory (SDT)

, 162

Service-dominant logic

, 36

Shared leadership (SL)

, 162–163

Slow tourism

, 179

Slow travel

, 179–180

Smart cities

, 57

business continuity resilient strategies for small businesses in pandemic times

, 61–62

measure resilience

, 58–60

organizational and smart cities’ resilience

, 60–61

smart city 2.0

, 58

urbanization and

, 60

Social capital theory

, 32–34

Social environment within urban innovation

, 84–85

Social influence (SI)

, 14–16

Social value

, 73

Socio-cultural impact

, 195–198

hospitality

, 197–198

recreational tourism

, 195–197

Sodexo

, 97

Specificity

, 267

Stakeholder theory

, 7–9

Stakeholders

, 4

Standardization

, 17–19

Strategic choice theory

, 38–39

Students

, 267

Subjective norm

, 13–14

Sustainability

, 4, 68, 82, 241

approach in business

, 94–95

of natural resources

, 124

Sustainable Agricultural Practices (SAPs)

, 98

Sustainable Business Model (SBM)

, 94–95

Sustainable development

, 138

importance of tourism for

, 66

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 69, 93–94, 143–144, 266

good practices of “SDGs-university” integration for impactful professional training

, 267–269

international business strategies based on

, 95–96

postpandemic university education

, 265–266

SDG-2

, 123–124

in university education

, 266–267

university integration

, 269–270

Sustainable energy policies

, 143–147

Sustainable innovation (see also Urban innovation)

, 82

Sustainable international business models

, 94

Sustainable proposals applied by organizations and governments

, 128–129

Sustainable tourism

, 258–259

current trends linked to

, 70–71

and dimensions

, 68–70

Teachers

, 266–267

experience with digital tools

, 115–116

Technological innovations

, 246

Technology acceptance

, 14

Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)

, 14

Telework

, 156

Teleworking

COVID-19

, 157–158

leadership and influence on job performance

, 158–159

in multinationals in Asian-Pacific region

, 163–166

origin

, 156–157

VUCA environment

, 157

Theory building in qualitative research

, 22–23

Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

, 12, 14

Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)

, 14

Time and opportunity

, 13

Total Quality Management (TQM)

, 158

Tourism

, 65–66, 194, 256

impact of covid-19 in

, 174–181

impact of covid-19 pandemic and origin of new trends in world of

, 67–68

cross-cultural online promotion of

, 259–260

current trends linked to hotel and recreation tourism services

, 73–75

current trends linked to sustainable tourism

, 70–71

importance of tourism for sustainable development

, 66

opportunities based on tourism trends

, 181–182

policies in top 10 most visited countries

, 213–229

sector before covid-19

, 174

services related to hotels and recreation

, 71–73

sustainable tourism and dimensions

, 68–70

trends in COVID-19

, 176–181

Tourism industry

, 211–212, 239–240, 256–257

analysis of tourism policies in top 10 most visited countries

, 213–229

context and literature review

, 212–213

Tourists

places and activities

, 239–240

travel

, 194

Transformational leadership

, 159

Translation theory

, 41–42

Transversality

, 267

Travel restrictions

, 213

“Travel Safe” campaign

, 216

Trends

, 66

in COVID-19

, 176–181

opportunities based on tourism

, 181–182

Turespaña

, 216

2 x 2 x 2 model (see Heckscher–Ohlin theory)

Uncertain tourists

, 176–177

Uncertainty

, 7

Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT)

, 14–16

United Nations (UN)

, 69

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA)

, 81–82

United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)

, 69

United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

, 126

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

, 145

United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

, 69, 213

University education, SDGs in

, 266–267

Upper echelons theory

, 10–11

Uppsala model

, 29–30

Urban areas

, 81–82

Urban innovation

, 82

environmental sustainability within

, 82–84

legal and political environment within

, 85–87

social environment within

, 84–85

Urban resilience

, 58

Urbanization

, 60

US Department of Agriculture (USDA)

, 126

Utilitarian ethical theory

, 25–26

Valuation and modeling

, 6

Virtual education

, 108

Virtual Laboratory for Physics Subjects

, 112–115

Virtual learning, platforms for

, 112–115

Voices of the Hungry (VoH)

, 126

Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, Ambiguity environment (VUCA environment)

, 157

Weak ties theory, strength of

, 24–25

Wholly owned subsidiaries (WOS)

, 21

Work culture

, 161–162

Work models

, 156, 166

Work performance

, 158

World Bank Group (WBG)

, 187–188

World Resources Institute (WRI)

, 93–94

international business strategies based on

, 97

World Tourist Cities Federation (WTCF)

, 67–68

Zero hunger

, 123–124