Index
International Business in a VUCA World: The Changing Role of States and Firms
ISBN: 978-1-83867-256-0, eISBN: 978-1-83867-255-3
ISSN: 1745-8862
Publication date: 21 October 2019
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2019), "Index", Tulder, R.V., Verbeke, A. and Jankowska, B. (Ed.) International Business in a VUCA World: The Changing Role of States and Firms (Progress in International Business Research, Vol. 14), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 507-519. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1745-886220190000014026
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2020 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Index
Note: Page numbers followed by “n” with numbers indicate notes.
Absorptive capacity
, 421–429
Acquirer nation GDPpc
, 446
Adaptation–performance relationship
, 464–465
Administrative distance
, 440–441, 444, 447
Affordable losses principle
, 342–343
African multinationals (AfMNEs)
, 436, 438, 440, 443, 447, 450–451, 453–454
Age
, 208
diversity
, 212, 217
Agency Theory
, 160
Ambidexterity
, 405–410
research methods
, 408–409
research results and discussion
, 409–413
Ambidextrous companies
, 409–413
Ambiguity
, 6–7, 27, 32
Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
, 317
Applied import tariff, regression model of
, 126–129
Argentina, institutional schisms in
, 96–98
Armington elasticity
, 70–72
Automation
, 263
Automobile trade between Germany and United States
, 108–110
Automobile-producing countries
, 125
Average variance extracted (AVE)
, 343–344
Avoidance strategy
, 136, 143, 148–149
Ayur project
, 276
Back-sourcing
, 243
Backshoring (see also Offshoring)
, 229–230, 235, 252
contribution to theory
, 264–265
data analysis
, 257–258
data collection
, 257
findings
, 258–262
in-depth studies
, 252
institutional perspective on
, 262–264
limitations and future research
, 265
motives for
, 252–254
research design
, 257
RSD alternative
, 232
ship equipment supplier
, 261–262
shipbuilding company
, 260–261
theoretical background
, 253–256
Backward linkages
, 73
Bandwagon effect
, 237
Base of pyramid (BoP)
, 13, 270–271, 282
markets
, 271–272
multinationals’ strategies in addressing
, 273–274
research design
, 275
“Beggar-thy-neighbour” policy
, 106
Binary logistic regression (BLR)
, 446
Biomedical company
, 242–243
Blau’s index
, 212
Board independence
, 213, 214
Born globals (BGs)
, 290–291, 361
comparative analysis
, 297–303
continued performance
, 302–303
data analysis
, 297
data collection
, 297
firms
, 13, 229
knowledge development in foreign-market networks
, 300–302
liability of foreignness in
, 297–300
research design
, 295–297
selection of firms
, 295–296
Born regionals (BRs)
, 290
modeling BR performance strategy from network perspective
, 294–295
Born-glocal path
, 358–359, 361, 366, 372–373, 375
“Bottom of pyramid” (see Base of pyramid (BoP))
Brazilian firms
, 15, 426
Breusch–Pagan test
, 120
Bricolage
, 359–360, 366–367
British Venture Capital Association (BVCA)
, 309n4
“Broad and shallow” strategy
, 294
BUILD-B
, 271, 277–278
Bureaucratic authoritarianism
, 425
Capital IQ
, 162
“Capitalist” business/management education
, 427
Captive offshoring
, 231, 233
Carrot-and-stick approach
, 152
Cash reserves
, 144, 146
CAWI method
, 133
CEE-based furniture producers
, 472
Challenge strategy
, 135, 143–149
Chief executive officer (CEO)
, 213, 297
China cycle
, 487–489
China’s changing value chain position
, 79–83
Chinese OFDI
, 502
Circularity
, 33
Clothing companies
, 237–238
Coercive drivers
, 255, 259
Coercive isomorphism
, 462
Cognitive behavior
, 437
Collectivism
, 256
“Collectivistic” cultural values
, 425
Commodity cycle phase
, 485–487
Common method variance (CMV)
, 470
Common methods bias (CMB)
, 318, 322, 343
Companies’ adjustment strategies to sanctions
, 132–133, 135
administrative burdens
, 145–146
companies’ behavior in sanctions regime
, 133–135
conceptual framework
, 135–137
dependent variables
, 143–144
disentangling challenge strategies
, 148
disentangling conformance strategies
, 147
empirical analysis
, 141
EU sanctions against Russia and Russian countersanctions
, 133
independent variables
, 144
institutional theory
, 138–139
limitations
, 149–150
politics of challenging sanctions
, 150–152
regression models
, 145
sample characteristics
, 141–143
Companies’ behavior in sanctions regime
, 133–135
Company strategic choices
, 200
Complexity
, 4, 6–7, 23, 27, 32, 57
Composite reliability (CR)
, 318, 343
Confirmative factor analysis (CFA)
, 318
Conformance strategy
, 135, 143–148
Constant elasticity of substitution structure (CES structure)
, 71
Construct reliability and validity
, 318–320
Consumer-theory-centered models
, 73
Context-specific talent management practices
, 15, 420–429
investigating connection between talent management and absorptive capacity
, 421–424
talent management and absorptive capacity
, 424–429
Contract manufacturing
, 81
Contractionary trade policies
, 69–70
Contradictory moderation effects
, 328
Control
control-based strategy
, 339
decisions of MNEs
, 27
strategy
, 342–343
variables
, 186, 445–446, 467, 469
Control of Corruption (CC)
, 495
Convergence
, 420, 344
Corporate entrepreneurship (CE)
, 310–311
Corporate sanctions’ adjustment strategies
, 135–137
Corporate social responsibility (CSR)
, 270, 281
Corporate venturing
, 311
Correlations matrix
, 448
Costs (see also Transaction costs)
, 25
efficiency
, 254
hidden
, 252
institutional
, 298
skilled-labor
, 75
Country institutional environments
, 92–95
Cross-border acquisitions (CBAs)
, 15, 437
administrative distance
, 440–441
AfMNEs
, 450–451
control variables
, 445–446
correlations matrix
, 448
data and sample
, 443–444
gaining legitimacy in foreign countries
, 439–440
hypotheses
, 440
institutional differences across countries
, 438–439
knowledge distance
, 441–442
limitations and future research avenues
, 453–454
literature review
, 437
logistic regression results
, 449
MNEs
, 437–438
ownership in
, 436–438
procedures of analyses
, 446–447
results
, 447, 450
target institutional development
, 442–443
technological weaknesses
, 451–452
variables
, 444–445
Crowdfunding
, 360
Cultural
distance
, 497
proximity
, 501
Customer perceived value
, 253–254
Data and sampling
, 470
De-internationalization
, 231–232
Debt Dependent
, 168
Debt-to-equity ratio
, 212
Decision magnitude
, 235
Decision-makers
, 25–26, 48
Decision-making
, 25–26, 56, 208, 229, 233–234, 336–337
Defiance strategy
, 136, 143, 148, 151–152
Degree
of diversification
, 445
of internationalization
, 202
Demand theory
, 71
Demographic diversity
, 208
Dependent variables
, 143–144, 163, 180, 444, 495
Determinants of multinationality
, 489–490
firm-specific advantages and multinationality
, 492–494
MNCs from emerging economies
, 494–492
Development reshoring
, 232–233
Digital disruption
, 388
Digital products
, 389–390
Digitally based firms
, 389–390
Digitization
, 62
Discriminant validity
, 318, 321, 344
Distance-collapsing capacity
, 365
Dominant logic, conflict of
, 312
DRUG–C
, 271, 276–277, 282–283
Duara travels
, 363
Dublin–Watson test
, 348
Durban–Watson test
, 120
Dynamic capabilities
, 175, 384, 391, 393, 398
Dynamic resources
, 139, 159n1
Ecological dimension
, 185
Economic dimension
, 183
Economic freedom
, 12, 158–170
Economic sanctions
, 133, 150
Economic theories
, 41–42, 132
Economic value creation
, 359
Ecosystem economy, platform and
, 46–47
Effectuation
, 334–335
in decision-making
, 336–337
Embedded sim (e-sim)
, 388–389
Emerging economies
, 310, 312–314, 327–328
Emerging market firms (EM firms)
, 310–311
common method bias
, 318, 322
construct reliability and validity
, 318–320
descriptive statistics, correlations, and discriminant validity
, 321
direct, indirect, total effects, and effect size
, 324
entrepreneurial transformation processes
, 311
hypotheses testing
, 322–327
limitation and suggested future research directions
, 328–329
measures
, 317–318
mediation regression results
, 323
moderating variables
, 318
practical implications
, 318
sample
, 316–317
theoretical contributions
, 327–328
theoretical framework and hypotheses development
, 312–316
theoretical model
, 316
variables
, 317–318
Emerging markets
, 23, 420
Emerging markets’ MNCs (EMNCs)
, 490
Empirical trade equations
, 86n2
Employees
ability
, 421
motivation
, 421–422
Employer brand
, 422–423
Employment growth
, 302–303
Entrepreneur
, 75, 77, 136
Entrepreneurial orientation (EO)
, 311, 313, 317
Entrepreneurial transformation processes of EM firms
, 311
to facilitating international venturing
, 312–313
Entropy measures
, 202
Environmental dynamism
, 177–185, 182, 469
Environmental-issue-driven SE
, 358
European Union (EU)
, 2, 132
sanctions Against Russia and Russian countersanctions
, 133
Examined country group
, 112–113
Exchange
, 385–387, 394
Exploitative activities
, 405
Exploitative capabilities
, 406
Explorative activities
, 405
Explorative case study approach
, 295
Exploratory capabilities
, 406
Exploratory factor analysis (EFA)
, 318
Exploratory learning
, 422
Export management
, 464
External (inter-organizational) networks
, 407
External legitimacy
, 439
External technological environment role
, 314–316
Extractive institutions
, 159
Eyewear companies
, 238–239
Facebook
, 365, 367
Family businesses (FBs)
, 213
Family-owned shipbuilding companies
, 259
Fast internationalizers
, 229
Femininity
, 256, 497
FIN-A
, 271, 278–281
Finance and accounting (FACC)
, 225n6
Financial crisis (2008)
, 90
Financial resource mobilization
, 360
Firm internationalization
, 201–203, 460, 464
correlation matrix and descriptive statistics of variables
, 215
data and sample
, 209–210
decisions
, 200, 202
empirical model
, 214
hypothesis development
, 203–209
results
, 214–217
variables
, 210–214
uncertainty in
, 337–338
Firm-specific advantages (FSAs)
, 290, 298, 309n1
and multinationality
, 492–494
Firms
, 42, 75, 421–422, 437
age at internationalization points
, 467, 469
economic theory of MNE
, 41–42
establishment chain
, 229
experience in foreign mar
, 469
global factory and GVC
, 44–46
heterogeneity models
, 75
intangible assets
, 493
internalization
, 42–44
prior international experience
, 469
international venturing
, 317
in market
, 47
platform and ecosystem economy
, 46–47
RBV of
, 139–140
resources
, 497
risk and uncertainty
, 47–51
risk management
, 174
size
, 144
tangible resources
, 493
uncertainty
, 42–44
Fixed effects model (FE model)
, 111, 114
LSDV Model
, 118–119
Fluid market conditions
, 63
Footlooseness
, 74, 76, 81, 80
Footwear companies
, 239–240
4G
, 385, 388, 396
Foreign assets (FA)
, 498–499
Foreign business knowledge
, 385
Foreign direct investment (FDI)
, 3, 23, 310, 482–484, 500, 502
Foreign direct investment outflows (OFDI)
, 483–485
distribution by regions from developing economies
, 486
flows by region/economy
, 486
stock by region/economy
, 485
Foreign firms
, 80, 292
Foreign institutional knowledge
, 385
Foreign market
, 49, 464–467
adaptation
, 461–472
LSAs of foreign-market networks
, 293–294
Foreign markets adaptation
, 465–476
Foreign sales (FS)
, 498–499
Formal constraints
, 437, 461
Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, The (Prahalad)
, 272
Forward linkages
, 73
Free markets
, 160–161
Free trade agreements (FTA)
, 104
French civil law
, 440
Frequency of environmental dynamism
, 178–179, 182
Functional diversity
, 211–212, 208, 217
Further offshoring
, 228–236, 241, 243, 245
Gearing ratio
, 212
Gender diversity
, 208, 212, 217
Generalization to three dimensions
, 34–38
Generation Z
, 56
Geographic diversification
, 202
Geographical direction
, 230, 232
“Get-big-fast” strategy
, 390
Global automotive imports, regression model of
, 126–129
Global business environment
, 201
Global factory model
, 44–46, 56, 61, 64
VUCA and
, 57–59
VUCA extending to
, 59–61
Global mindset
, 205
Global mobile telco industry
, 384
Global Recession (2008–2009)
, 69, 80, 82
Global sourcing strategies
, 228
Global strategic posture
, 202
Global ultimate owners (GUOs)
, 209
Global value chains (GVCs)
, 23, 44–46, 70, 73–75, 77–79, 80, 238
Globalization
, 90–91, 201–202, 482–484
Goldfeldt–Quandt test
, 120
Government effectiveness (GE)
, 495
Government policy uncertainties
, 177
Gross domestic product (GDP)
, 183, 446
Group socialization
, 213
“Groupthink” phenomenon
, 207
Harman’s one-factor test
, 318, 343
Harman’s single-factor test
, 470
Health epidemics
, 90
Healthcare poverty
, 276
Heritage Foundation
, 158, 163, 181
Hexagonal tiling of plane
, 33–34
Hidden costs of offshoring
, 252
Highly developed countries (HDCs)
, 90
Home re-shoring
, 232
Home-country institutional uncertainty
, 339
Host country inflation
, 450
House Pro program (HP program)
, 277
HS8702 trade classification
, 123n5
HS8703 trade classification
, 113, 123n5
Human Development Index
, 445
Human resource
, 360
Illiquidity
, 26
Import and assembly (IA)
, 81
Import tariffs
, 111, 114–115
Impossibility of international business
generalization to three dimensions
, 34–38
optimal location of plants
, 32–34
VUCA
, 31–32
Impulse Response Function
, 163, 169
In-shoring
, 232
Inclusive institutions
, 159, 161–162
Independent variables
, 113, 144, 180–186, 444–445, 495–497
Individual-effects regression
, 118–119
Individualism
, 256
Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV)
, 497
Industrial district firms
, 233
Industry
, 469
dummies
, 213
dynamism
, 178
relatedness
, 445
Industry 4.0
, 9
Informal
constraints
, 437, 461
institutions
, 138
Innovativeness
, 311, 313–314
Institution-related uncertainty
, 338
Institutional
costs
, 298
differences across countries
, 438–439
dimension distances
, 15
elements
, 264
frameworks
, 461
isomorphism
, 255
mechanisms
, 264
pluralism
, 255
quality
, 158–159
Institutional contexts
, 253–256, 258–260, 264
Institutional Development Index (IDI)
, 445
Institutional distance (ID)
, 15, 438, 467, 482, 495–497
Institutional schisms
, 91–102
Institutional theory
, 91–92, 138–139, 460, 462
Institutional voids
, 439
Intangible assets
, 493
Intangible resources
, 482, 492–494
Intensity
of environmental dynamism
, 178–179, 182
of macroenvironmental dynamism
, 190–191
Inter alia
, 9, 422, 427
Inter-rater reliability test
, 317
Intercontextual business
, 46
Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)
, 11, 90–91
and country institutional environments
, 92–95
and LDCs
, 92–93
and MDCs
, 93–94
Internal legitimacy
, 439
Internalization
, 26, 42–44
theory
, 56, 59–61, 292
Internalized MNE
, 44–45
International business (IB)
, 1–2, 10, 23–24, 32, 47, 56–57, 61, 70, 74, 200, 202, 270, 358–359, 439, 482–483
contributions to rapidly changing discipline
, 10–15
internationalization in
, 361–362
regional nature of
, 292–293
selection of relevant subthemes
, 8–10
stock of VUCA-dimensions in IB discipline
, 2–8
International Business Review (IBR)
, 15n1
International business theory
, 436
ambiguity
, 27
collecting information
, 25
complexity
, 27
uncertainty
, 24–25
volatility
, 24
VUCA
, 23–24
International commodity prices
, 486
International country diversity
, 201, 210–211, 214, 216–217
International decision-making
, 25
International divestment
, 231–232
International education intensity
, 211, 217
International Emergency Economic Powers Act (1977)
, 105
International market expansion
, 206–203
International marketing and purchasing (IMP)
, 252
International markets intensity
, 201, 210, 214, 216–217
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
, 11, 90
International new ventures (INVs)
, 1
International operations intensity
, 201, 210, 214, 217
International venturing
, 312–313
International working experience
, 211, 217
Internationalization (see also SME internationalization)
, 2, 14, 47, 200, 202, 229, 259, 359–362, 374–375, 493
complexity
, 12, 203
decision-making
, 338–340
distinct facets
, 201
theory
, 256
Internationalization knowledge (IK)
, 344–345, 347
Internationalizers
, 59
Internationalizing firms
, 460
Internet-enabled governance mechanisms
, 362
“Investment Development Path”-IDP model
, 484
IPM network approach
, 256
Japanese multinational firms
, 74
“Jeitinho”
, 424
Job-related diversity
, 208
Johansen Panel Cointegration
, 163
Joint ventures
, 23
Kendall’s tau correlation coefficient
, 409
Knightian uncertainty
, 58–59, 336
Knightian–Marchian–Weickian problem space
, 336–337
Knowledge
acquisition
, 57, 421, 423
assimilation
, 421–423, 427
development in foreign-market networks of BGs and BRs
, 300–302
distance
, 441–442
exploitation
, 421, 423, 427
flows
, 24
knowledge-based resources
, 293
knowledge-embracing culture
, 429
management problem
, 61
transformation
, 421
“Last-mile” problem
, 282
Least developed countries (LDCs)
, 90, 92–93
Legitimacy
, 386–387, 395–396, 436–437, 439–440, 460–464
Liability of foreignness (LOF)
, 292, 297–300, 310, 312
Liability of outsidership
, 300
Liberalization of markets
, 2
Local market knowledge
, 385–386
Local value chain (LVC)
, 75
Location-specific advantages (LSAs)
, 290–291
of foreign-market networks
, 293–294
Long-term orientation (LTO)
, 256, 497
Macroeconomic uncertainties
, 177
Macroenvironment
, 174
Macroenvironmental dynamism
, 12, 174–176, 179–180, 186–189, 190–191
descriptive statistics
, 187
indicators for macroenvironmental dimensions
, 184–185
measurement
, 180–186
OLS estimations
, 189
Pearson correlation coefficients
, 187
theory and conceptualization
, 176–179
Macroenvironmental quality
, 177, 180–181, 184–186, 188
Macroenvironmental risk
, 174–185
Mahalanobis method
, 444
Manufacturing
, 259
geography
, 229
management in high-cost countries
, 228
reshoring phenomenon
, 230, 232
Manufacturing, design and engineering (ENMA)
, 225n6
Marchian goal ambiguity
, 336
Market
dependency
, 144, 146, 148
transactions
, 45
uncertainty
, 14, 338–340
Market-making risk
, 43, 45
Market-oriented entrepreneurial logic
, 313
Marketing, sales, commercial, corporate roles (MASA)
, 225n6
Masculinity (MAS)
, 256, 497
“Matched-pair” approach
, 363
Mature internationalizers
, 59
MaxQDA software
, 471
Mediation analyses
, 322
Microfinance institutions (MFIs)
, 280
Microfoundations approach
, 200
Middle developed countries (MDCs)
, 90, 93–94
Mimetic mechanisms
, 255, 259
MNCs originating from emerging economies (EMNCs)
, 483, 490–492
MNEs from emerging economics (EMNEs)
, 23, 62–64
Multi-local path
, 14, 358–359, 372–374
Multinational business enterprise model (MBE model)
, 46
Multinational corporations (MNCs)
, 482–483, 487, 500
Multinational enterprises (MNEs) (see also Social enterprises (SEs))
, 1–3, 5, 9, 11, 23, 25, 32, 41–43, 59, 270–271, 281, 293, 358, 391, 436–440, 442, 460, 463, 487, 489
ownership strategies in
, 441–442
VUCA act as stimulus to MNE behavior theorization
, 61–62
Multinational firms
, 70–71, 79, 270
strategies in addressing BoP markets
, 273–274
Multinational telcos (see also Telcos)
, 384–387, 388–389
Multinational theories
, 500
Multinationality (see also Internationalization)
, 202, 482–483
determinants of
, 489–494
of firms
, 483, 501–502
method
, 494–497
model estimates and results
, 497–500
stylized data
, 483–489
Nationalism
, 8
Nationality
, 205
intensity
, 211, 217
Nearshoring
, 229–230, 235
Necessity-based bricolage
, 360
Neo-institutional theory
, 8
Nested CES preferences
, 86n1
Networks/networking
, 14, 291, 293, 295, 301, 386–387, 394–395, 407, 410
Non-ambidextrous companies
, 409–413
“Non-efficiency” goals
, 254–255
Non-firm resource factors
, 483
Nonlinear internationalization
, 229–230
Normative behavior
, 437
Normative drivers
, 255
Normative isomorphism
, 255, 263
Normative rationality
, 461
Normative regulation systems
, 138
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
, 104
Norwegian context
, 252
Norwegian Maritime Cluster
, 258–259
Office of Financial Sanctions Implementation (OFSI)
, 150
Offshoring (see also Backshoring)
, 23, 76, 228–237
case studies
, 237–243
decisions
, 251–252
framework proposal
, 243–244
On-shoring
, 232
“Open innovation” culture
, 423
Operating revenue
, 212, 217
Operationalization of variables
, 466
Ordinary least squares model (OLS model)
, 111, 117, 119
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
, 309n3
Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d’Automobiles (OICA)
, 125
Organizational ambidexterity
, 406
Outward FDI
, 312
Ownership
, 436–442, 441–442, 444, 447
Pace of internationalization
, 469, 469
Passive conformance
, 136, 143, 146
Patent cooperation treaty (PCT)
, 185
“Paternalistic” cultural values
, 425
Pearson correlation coefficients
, 187
“Penrose” effect
, 26
Phenomenon-based research
, 362
Physical presence
, 385, 387
under increasing VUCA conditions
, 388–389
potential value of
, 390–393
Platform supply vessels (PSVs)
, 260
Platonic solid
, 35, 37
Polish firms
, 14
Political, economic, social, technological, ecological, and legal macroenvironmental conditions (PESTEL macroenvironmental conditions)
, 177, 181, 192, 199n1
Political Constraint Index
, 181
Political dimension
, 183
Political Stability of Violence/Terrorism (OS)
, 495
Pooled OLS model
, 117, 119
Populism
, 8
Post-offshoring strategic options
, 243–244
Post-reform period
, 484–485
Potential absorptive capacity
, 421, 424
Poverty
, 270–277
Power distance (PDI)
, 256, 497
Predictability of environmental dynamism
, 179, 182
Predictive strategy
, 342
Price elasticity
, 71, 106
Price sensitivity
, 71
Primary uncertainty
, 61
Proactive conformance
, 136, 143, 146, 149
PROCESS macro for SPSS
, 322, 324
Production subsidiaries
, 229
Production switching
, 70, 73–75, 83
Production/operation divisions (PROD)
, 225n6
Profit margin change
, 302–303
Progress in International Business Research (PIBR)
, 2
Protectionism (see also Transatlanticism)
, 69–70, 158
China’s changing value chain position
, 79–83
global value chains
, 77–79
GVCs and production switching
, 73–75
No GVCs
, 76–77
substitutability and trade response to relative price change
, 71–73
theoretical model
, 75
value chain of computer
, 75–76
Psychic distance (PD)
, 292, 460
Pure assembly (PA)
, 81
Qualitative methods
, 362
Radical uncertainty
, 49
Range of metrics
, 273
Rational action approach and IB
, 27
Rational action modeling
, 25
Re-theorizing using evidence from EMNEs
, 63–64
Realized absorptive capacity
, 424, 426, 428
Regime theory
, 91–92
Regression models
, 145, 447
of global automotive imports and applied import tariff
, 126
world dependent variable
, 127
world FE LSDV regression
, 129
world independent variable
, 126
world pooled OLS regression
, 128
Regulative behavior
, 437
Regulatory Quality (RG)
, 495
Relational capability
, 467
Relocation decisions
, 233
Relocations of Second Degree decisions (RSD decisions)
, 228
alternatives to
, 234
content and criteria for evaluating
, 234
decision-making phase
, 230
“Replicator” approach
, 385
Research & development intensity (R&D intensity)
, 213, 217
Research, technology, clinical roles (RESE roles)
, 225n6
Reshoring
, 230, 232
Resource dependence theory (RDT)
, 136, 140, 146
Resource mobilization
, 360
Resource-based theory
, 256
Resource-based view (RBV)
, 136, 252, 482–483
approach
, 492
of firm
, 139–140
Return from poverty
, 274
Return on assets (ROA)
, 212
Reverse globalization
, 232
Reverse knowledge transfer
, 270
Risk
, 3, 47–51
accommodation
, 24
avoidance
, 180
management
, 3, 47, 180
propensity
, 25
reduction
, 180
risk-averse behavior
, 47
risk-taking behavior
, 62, 313, 316
transfer
, 180
Robustness tests
, 163–164, 188
robotics, Adoption of
, 263
Russian firms
, 15, 428–429
Sanctions
, 139–140
avoidance
, 151
companies’ behavior in, sanctions regime 133–135
politics of challenging
, 150–152
sanctioned trade
, 150
Scaling
, 371–373, 375–376
Seabin project
, 363, 368–371
Selective reshoring
, 235
“Selectivity in terms of depth”
, 235–236
“Selectivity in terms of width”
, 235–236
Selling exercise
, 49–50
Semi-optimization
, 373
Sensing
, 385–387, 394
Sequential mixed-methods approach
, 465
Ship equipment supplier
, 261–262
Single-common-method-factor approach
, 466
Skilled-labor cost
, 75
Small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) (see also Social enterprises (SEs))
, 1, 14, 290, 334
SME internationalization (see also Internationalization)
, 334, 337
construct operationalization
, 342–343
convergent validity and reliability
, 344
correlation between variables
, 345
data analysis
, 344–345
discriminant validity
, 344
findings
, 346
hypotheses development
, 338–341
methodology
, 341–346
preliminary analysis and assessment of potential biases
, 343–346
results of hierarchical regression analysis
, 347
sampling and data collection
, 341–342
theoretical background
, 336–338
Smoot Hawley Tariff Act
, 105, 107
Smoot–Hawley Disaster
, 107
Social
capital
, 360
dimension
, 183
media
, 362
network
, 207
networking sites
, 422
ostracism
, 138
social-issue-driven SE
, 358
uncertainties
, 177
ventures
, 277
Social enterprises (SEs)
, 14, 358
case time, key events and research time
, 364
data analysis
, 366–367
data collection
, 365–366
findings
, 367–372
idea generation
, 367–369
internationalization
, 359–362, 374–375
limitations and avenues for future research
, 376
model of early-stage SEs’ internationalization
, 372–374
proof of concept
, 369–371
research strategy
, 362–367
scaling
, 371–372, 375–376
setting for comparative research
, 363
Social entrepreneurship, scaling in context of
, 359–361
Sourcing motives
, 256
Standard trade model
, 71
Strategic decision
, 27, 200, 255
Strategic renewal
, 14, 311, 313–314, 317, 327
Strategic-legitimacy approach
, 439
Strategy adaptation
, 460
Strategy and corporate development (STRA)
, 225n6
Subjectivist approach
, 272
Subsistence markets
, 270, 282
Substitutability
, 71–73
Sustainable Development Goals (see UN Sustainable Development Goals)
Swedish SMEs
, 295–296
Tactical reshoring
, 232
Talent attraction
, 420–422, 424, 428
Talent management
, 420
and absorptive capacity
, 421–426
in Russia
, 426–429
strategy
, 422, 424, 427
Talent retention practices
, 423–424
“Talent-friendly” management practices
, 420
Tangible resources
, 360, 482, 492–493
Target institutional development
, 442–443, 445, 447
Tariff
, 11, 71, 78, 105–108, 339
Technological competitiveness
, 315–316, 318, 328
Technological dimension
, 183, 185
Technological dynamism
, 315, 318, 328
Telcos
, 385
change drivers and implications
, 393–397
future
, 384
methodology and data
, 393
operational benefits
, 385
vendors
, 395
Tertiary uncertainty
, 61
Theories of managerial choice
, 203
3G
, 385, 388, 396
Toll manufacturing
, 81
Top management team (TMT)
, 12–13, 200, 203, 225n4
average TMT tenure
, 213, 217
characteristics and experiences
, 201
education intensity
, 206–207
IB orientation intensity
, 204–206
in internationalization analysis
, 203
size
, 213
Trade
, 73, 342
balance
, 104
interventions
, 42
policy shocks
, 70
protection
, 108
response to relative price change
, 71–73
wars
, 90
Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)
, 104
Transaction costs
, 12, 162, 439, 445
theory
, 160, 162, 164, 253, 256
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)
, 120
Transatlanticism (see also Protectionism)
analysis and interpretation of results
, 114–117
automobile trade between Germany and United States
, 108–110
automobile-producing countries
, 125
coefficient overview and residual plots of applied models
, 130
evaluation of model and predictors
, 119–121
examined country group
, 112–113
individual-effects regression
, 118–119
interdependency of exports and imports in automotive industry
, 124
literature review on general effects of tariff
, 105–107
methodology and data
, 110–112
motivations to imposing tariff
, 107–108
regression model of global automotive imports
, 126–129
research problem
, 105
trade balance
, 104
variables
, 113–114
Transnationality index
, 202
Turbulence
, 3, 7–8, 48–49, 56
Two-tier labor market
, 426
Ukraine crisis
, 134, 141
UN Sustainable Development Goals
, 10, 358
UN UNCTA D TRAINS database
, 109, 111, 115–117, 119, 128–129
Uncertainty
, 23–25, 42–44, 47–51, 57–58, 334–335
acclimatization
, 24
in firm internationalization
, 337–338
home-country institutional
, 339
in IB
, 3–6
institution-related
, 338
Knightian
, 58–59, 336
market
, 14, 338–340
perception
, 135
primary
, 61
radical
, 49
tertiary
, 61
uncertainty in firm internationalization
, 337–338
Uncertainty avoidance (UAI)
, 6–7, 255–256, 497
index
, 342
UNCTAD
, 44, 390, 485
Unique-to-Brazilian-society cultural trait
, 424–425
United Nations (UN)
, 90
United Nations Conference of Trade and Development
, 202
United States
automobile trade between Germany and
, 108–110
motivations to imposing tariff in
, 107–108
United States–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement (USMCA)
, 2
Upgrade strategy
, 235, 243
Uppsala internationalization
process model
, 46
process theory
, 290
Uppsala model
, 26, 51, 229, 292, 361, 391
US Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC)
, 150
Value-Added data set
, 82
Variables
, 113–114
control
, 186, 445–446, 469, 469
cultural distance
, 446
dependent
, 143–144, 163, 180, 444, 495
dummy
, 113
explanatory
, 113
geographic distance
, 446
independent
, 113, 144, 180–186, 444–445, 495–497
operationalization of
, 466
world dependent
, 127
world independent
, 126
Variance inflation factors (VIFs)
, 214, 447
Varimax rotation
, 318
Vector Autoregression (VAR)
, 163, 168
Virtual firms
, 23
Voice and Accountability (VA)
, 495
Volatility
, 5–8, 23–24, 48, 58
Volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity (VUCA)
, 1, 10, 14, 31–32, 47, 56, 90–91, 383, 398, 404, 408
act as stimulus to MNE behavior theorization
, 61–62
digitally based firms under increasing
, 389–390
extending to global factory
, 59–61
and global factory model
, 57–59
IB in
, 1–2
physical presence under increasing VUCA conditions
, 388–389
re-theorizing using evidence from EMNEs
, 63–64
stock of VUCA-dimensions in IB discipline
, 2–8
world
, 358
Volkswagen Atlas
, 110
Vulnerability
, 70–71, 75–76, 79
Chinese
, 82
in France
, 278–281
Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE)
, 409
Weickian enactment
, 336–337
Western multinationals
, 274
subsidiaries
, 426–427
White-collar crime
, 161
World Bank
, 181
World Integrated Trade Solutions (WITS)
, 111
World Intellectual Property Organization
, 181
World Trade Organization (WTO)
, 90, 104
Xiaowei qiye (xiaowei)
, 63
- Prelims
- Introduction: Progress in International Business Research in an Increasingly VUCA World
- Part I: International Business in a VUCA Environment
- Chapter 1: The Role of International Business Theory in an Uncertain World
- Chapter 2: The Impossibility of International Business
- Chapter 3: The Firms of Our Times: Risk and Uncertainty
- Chapter 4: Can VUCA Help Us Generate New Theory within International Business?
- Part II: New Perspectives on the Interplay Between Firms and the Non-Market
- Chapter 5: Production Switching and Vulnerability to Protectionism
- Chapter 6: Institutional Schisms in Argentina: The Impact of Intergovernmental Organizations on Country Institutional Environments
- Chapter 7: The Future of Transatlanticism: Effects of a Raise of US Import Tariffs on Exports in the German Automotive Sector. A Quantitative, Data Driven Approach
- Chapter 8: Passive, Aggressive or Creative? Adjustment Strategies of Companies Affected by Sanctions
- Chapter 9: How Economic Freedom Affects Transaction Costs
- Part III: New Governance Challenges in International Business
- Chapter 10: Macroenvironmental Dynamism and Firm Risk Management – An Exploratory Investigation
- Chapter 11: Top Management Team Influence on Firms’ Internationalization Complexity
- Chapter 12: What Happens After Offshoring? A Comprehensive Framework
- Chapter 13: The Role of Institutional Context in Backshoring Decisions
- Chapter 14: Multinationals and the European Poor: Reverse Knowledge Transfer or ad hoc Solutions?
- Part IV: New Contexts for Newly Internationalizing Firms
- Chapter 15: Born Globals or Born Regionals? A Study of 32 Early Internationalizing SMEs
- Chapter 16: Facilitating International Venturing of Emerging Market Firms Through Entrepreneurial Transformation: Contingent Role of Technological Environment
- Chapter 17: Uncertainty and Decision-Making in SME Internationalization: The Importance of Control, Prediction, and Knowledge
- Chapter 18: The Internationalization of Early Stage Social Enterprises
- Part V: Contemporary Management Perspectives in IB Research
- Chapter 19: VUCA and the Future of the Global Mobile Telco Industry
- Chapter 20: Managing Ambidexterity Using Networking Perspective – Added Value or Necessity? Empirical Evidence from Poland
- Chapter 21: Exploring the Context-Specific Talent Management Practices and Their Link to FIRMS’ Absorptive Capacity in Emerging Markets: Brazil vs Russia
- Chapter 22: Institutional Effects on the Ownership in Cross-Border Acquisitions by African Firms
- Chapter 23: When Does Adaptation to Foreign Markets Matter? An Institutional Approach to the Internationalization of Post-Transition Economy Firms
- Chapter 24: Outward Foreign Direct Investment and Multinationality of Emerging Multinationals
- Index