Activist media practice

, 132–134

Adbusters

, 107

Aesthetics

, 143

Affective labour

, 266, 271

Agency

, 263

Aggressive marketing

, 2

Agony of Russian idea, The

, 39–40

Air Force Times

, 134

#alllivesmatter

, 246

Alternative media’s frames

, 88–90

American dream

, 40–41

American oligarchs

, 97

Anarchism

, 197–198

Andalusian trade union of workers

, 206

Anti-government protests

, 66

Antifascist issues

, 29–30

Antisurveillance

, 273

‘Arab Spring’

, 262, 264

Armed forces (bewaffnete Organe)

, 31

‘Art as Action’

, 20

‘Art of Noises’, The

, 13–14

Artistic communicator

, 150–151

Artistic skills (AS)

, 150–151

Audience Data and Reporting

, 215–216

Austerity negotiations in Greece

, 219

Authoritarianism

, 39–40, 101–102

Autocracy

, 98

Autonomous Left

, 203

Autonomous social movements

, 202

Belarus

, 69–72, 83

Belsat satellite TV

, 86

Bereich 6/ZAIG development

, 26–29

in fictional cinema and television productions

, 29–33

Betweenness centrality

, 149, 250

#blacklivesmatter

, 246

#bluelivesmatter

, 246

Bolshevik government

, 19

Boundaries of collective

, 114–116

#Brexit for United Kingdom

, 242, 246, 248–251

semantic network

, 251–253

Broadcast Network Archetype

, 251

Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND)

, 32–33

Burnham’s theories

, 99

Café Futuristov

, 18

Café Poetov

, 18

California Department of Corrections (CDC)

, 136

Capital control measures

, 269

Capitalism

, 264–265

#CatalanReferendum for Catalan context

, 242, 248–251

semantic network

, 251–253

Chartist movement

, 198–199

Chinatown’ case study

, 85–86

‘Chinese industrial park’

, 3–4

‘Chinese-Belarusian industrial park’

, 85

Citizenship Amendment Act

, 8

Civil society actors

, 61–62

Clandestine unit (operative Diensteinheit)

, 27

Claustrophobia

, 273

Code Pink

, 135–136

Codes

, 111–112, 116–118

Cold War

, 99

Cold Warriors

, 100

Collaboration

, 141–142

Collaborative protest art

, 171–173

Collective action

, 108–109

Collective identity

, 110–112, 179

Collective voice

, 118–121

Common Dreams

, 131

‘Common Good: Ethics and Rights in Cybersecurity’, The

, 262–263

Commons

, 270, 272

Communication

, 111

mechanisms

, 2

technologies

, 230

Communication ecology

, 229

Communication is Constitutive of Organizing (CCO)

, 111

Communication Mailing List (CML)

, 148–149

Communication skills (CS)

, 150–151

Communicative control. See also Soviet communicative control

, 51

Communism

, 197–198

Comparative cyberconflict analysis of digital activism

, 61

Belarus

, 69–72

comparison to Estonia

, 73–75

Crimea

, 65–69

digital political culture and resistance publics

, 63–65

Concerted coups

, 26–27

Congress for Cultural Freedom

, 99

Congress of the Comintern

, 19

Connective action

, 109

Contemporary media industries

, 2

‘Conversation’

, 111–112

Counterpropaganda (Konterpropaganda)

, 26

Country’s opportunity structures

, 186–187

Craft solidarity

, 213

Creative resistance

, 135–137

and participation

, 171–173

Crime stories

, 32

Crimea

, 65–69

‘Cultura Viva’

, 268

Cyber-optimists

, 70

Das unsichtbare Visier (television series)

, 28–29

Death to Art

, 15–16

‘Decentralization-recentralization’ cycle

, 56–57

Decision-making

, 116

Delhi Nirbhaya Protests

, 177, 181–182

Democracy

, 98, 274–275

Demonized communism

, 99

Department for Agitation (Abteilung Agitation)

, 25–29

in fictional cinema and television productions

, 29–33

Deutsche Film AG (DEFA)

, 29–30

Differential space

, 163

Digital activism

, 62–63

Digital Agenda 2020

, 75

Digital cultural economies

, 62–63

Digital media

, 64, 107–108

Digital networks

, 143–144, 241–242

Digital political culture

, 63–65

Digital technologies

, 8–9, 229–231

Direct interactions

, 52–53

Dirty cube

, 146–147

‘Disclosure’

, 232–237

Disinformation campaigns

, 26

‘Distributed discourse’ concept

, 212–213

District departments (Bezirksverwaltungen)

, 25–26

‘Double tap’

, 135

Drones

activist media practice

, 132–134

caucus

, 132–133

creative resistance

, 135–137

grounding

, 127–132

‘E-residency’ programme

, 75

East German Public

, 24–26

East German State Security Service

, 23

Bereich 6/ZAIG development

, 26–29

Department for Agitation development

, 26–29

between public relations and media control

, 33–34

public relations and propaganda

, 24–26

Emergent Organization, The

, 111

‘End the Drone Wars’

, 131

Enemy agents

, 26–27

Estonia

, 73–75

Eternity, loss of

, 43–44

Ethnic territoriality principle

, 56–57

European Union (EU)

, 241

Federalism

, 54–55

Fictional cinema, Bereich 6/ZAIG and Department for Agitation in

, 29–33

Fight-specific

, 146–147

Flash balls

, 6–7

Formalization of labour movement

, 204

Four Theories of the Press

, 52

Framing

, 86

alternative media’s frames

, 88–90

dissent in Post-Soviet communicative ecologies

, 86–90

mainstream media’s frames

, 86–88

process

, 180, 188–190

Twitter and

, 245–246

Freedom House report

, 75

‘Futurist Synthetic Theater’, The

, 13–14

Futurists

, 16

Gavary praudu (GP)

, 86, 88

Geeks of the Squares

ideological production in protest technologies and media revolutions

, 268–274

masses connecting

, 261–266

methods

, 266–268

movement actors’ experiences of use of protest technologies

, 276–278

orders of dissent and agentive action

, 265

participant interviews

, 267

protest technologies and national political cultures

, 274–276

German Democratic Republic (GDR)

, 23

Glass ceiling

, 199

Google Analytics

, 215–216

Goteo platform

, 268, 269

Graphs

, 247–248

Grassroots’ organizations

, 99

‘Great Soviet Dream’

, 38–39

‘Great Utopia’

, 13–14

Greek ‘Do Not Pay’ Social Movement. See also Hong Kong’s Umbrella Movement (2014)

, 227–228

communicating dissent

, 228–231

‘disclosure’

, 232–237

methodology

, 231–232

‘remembrance’

, 232–237

#greferendum

, 242

#Grexit for Greece

, 242, 246, 248–251

semantic network

, 251–253

Guardian, The

, 134

Halle’s tripartite typology

, 26

Hashtags

, 242, 246

Hierarchical meritocratic system

, 41

Homo sapiens

, 43–44

Homo Sovieticus

, 43–44

Hong Kong’s Umbrella Movement (2014)

, 161–162, 164

co-production of protest art in urban space

, 168–170

collaborative protest art, creative resistance and participation

, 171–173

Lefebvre’s spatial triad

, 162–163

method

, 165

representational spaces and symbols of protest art

, 165–168

space production and urban social movements

, 163–164

‘Hooliganism’

, 14

Horizontal structures

, 185

24-Hour rule

, 117

Identity

, 263

identity-based movements

, 201–202

‘Identization’

, 110–114, 116

Ideological production in protest technologies and media revolutions

, 268–274

Impressions

, 236–237

In-Page Analytics

, 215–216

Inclusiveness

, 117

Industrial solidarity

, 213

Information

ecology

, 84

operations

, 97–98

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)

, 61, 178, 183–186

framing process and

, 188–190

mobilization structures and

, 183–186

political opportunity structure and

, 186–188

struggle to dominating ICT terrain

, 190–193

as tools for movement action

, 178–180

Inoffizielle Mitarbeiter (IM)

, 29

Institute of Apiculture

, 44–45

Institutional Left

, 202–203

Institutionalization

, 143–144

International solidarity

, 197–198

Internet

, 108, 179

crowds

, 69

freedom

, 74–75

memes

, 65–68

Interpersonal communication

, 52

‘Ironic media activism’

, 4

Isola Art Center

, 146–147

John Lennon Wall in Prague

, 169–170

Juristische Hochschule Potsdam (JHS)

, 29

KnowDrones

, 132–133

Kundschafter

, 25, 27–28

Labour movement

, 197–199, 201–202

‘Last Soviet republic’

, 69

Latent capacity theory

, 63–64

Lavoratori dell’Arte’ (LdA)

, 142

Leaderless structures

, 185

Lefebvre’s spatial triad

, 162–163

Lefebvre’s theory of spatial reproduction

, 5, 161–162

Liberal meme makers

, 69

Libertarianism

, 101–102

Lion Rock

, 166–167

Localization

, 54

Macao

conflicts and division of labour in Macao’s experience

, 147–151

cooperation within

, 152–153

organizational model

, 141–142

refusal of horizontality

, 141–142

Machiavellians: Defenders of Freedom, The

, 98

Maduro government

, 7–8

Main departments (Hauptabteilung)

, 25–26

Mainstream media’s frames

, 86–88

Managerial Revolution, The

, 98

Manichean ideological trap

, 101–102

Manicheanism

, 101–102

Marxian materialist interpretation

, 62–63

Mass self-communication

, 212

‘Mass vigilance’ (Massenwachsamkeit)

, 27–28

‘Material for argumentation’

, 23

Materiality of Macao’s relations

, 145–147

Media

, 112, 230

revolutions

, 9

Mediation

, 111

Mediatization

, 111

Mediatized interactions

, 52–53

Mediatized quasiinteractions

, 52–53

Melucci’s conceptualization of collective identity

, 108

Ministerium für Staatssicherheit (MfS)

, 23

Ministry of National Defence (MfNV)

, 31

Ministry of the Interior (MdI)

, 31

Mobile phones

, 184

Mobilization

, 64

structures

, 178–179, 183–186

Movement actors’ experiences of use of protest technologies

, 276–278

‘Movements of the squares’

, 107

Mozilla

, 214

Multi-case study approach

, 180–181

#Muppetology

, 249

Music

, 13–14

‘Music is Before all Else’

, 13–14

Musicians

, 13–14

Nairaland

, 184

Nasha Niva newspaper

, 86

National political cultures

, 274–276

‘New landlord of Belarus?’, The

, 89

‘New social movements’

, 199–202

‘New Year gateway to peace’

, 131

Nirbhaya movement

, 184

NodeXL

, 248

‘Non-communist Left’

, 99

Noncontentious content

, 219

#NotABugSplat

, 136–137

OBERIU group

, 20

Oblomovism

, 41

‘Occupare il conflitto’

, 148

Occupy activists

, 4, 108

Occupy London

, 113, 120–121

Occupy London Stock Exchange (OccupyLSX)

, 113, 115, 117, 120

Occupy mobilization

, 64–65

Occupy movement

, 107, 113, 214, 264–265

Occupy Nigeria Movement

, 177, 181–182, 185–186, 189

Occupy Wall Street

, 107, 112–113, 115, 119

Odnoklassniki

, 67–68

OGAS

, 55

Operative agitation (Operativagitation)

, 26

Organization studies (OS)

, 143–144

Organizational communication

, 110–112

‘Painted faces’

, 16

Participants

, 181–182

Participatory culture

, 63

Paternalism

, 39–40

Peace activists

, 131

Perception management

, 97–98

‘Performance art’

, 13–14

‘Petersburgkaia Gazeta’ newspaper

, 17

Plan-based economy

, 55

Platform for Affected by Mortgages (PAH)

, 205

Polarization

, 253–257

Political

mobilizations

, 64–65

opportunity structures

, 179, 186–188

participation

, 64

socialization

, 63

Political communication (PC)

, 111

‘Political-operative protection’

, 23

Populism

, 253–257

Post-Crimea consensus

, 55

Post-Soviet communicative ecologies

, 83

framing dissent in

, 86–90

framing issue

, 86

methodology

, 86

theoretical framework

, 84–86

Post-Soviet Russia

rebirth of Soviet communicative control in

, 55–57

Russian Academy of Sciences’ Sociological Survey on Russian Dream

, 40–42

Russian Idea to Russian Dream

, 37–40

Victor Pelevin’s postmodern novel Generation “II”

, 42–46

Post-Soviet Russian transition

, 51

Press conferences

, 26–27

Press office

, 26

Presseabteilung

, 25–26

‘Principles of Solidarity of OWS’

, 116

‘Private Property’

, 87

Production of Space, The

, 162

Professionalization of labour movement

, 204

Propiska

, 54, 56

Proprietary platforms

, 108–109

Protest art

co-production of protest art in urban space

, 168–170

representational spaces and symbols of

, 165–168

Protest communication

, 3–4

Protest technologies. See also Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)

, 9, 274–276

‘Psychological warfare’ techniques

, 101

Public affairs

, 97–98

Public diplomacy

, 97–98

Public relations (Öffentlichkeitsarbeit)

, 24–26, 97–98

Quantitative content analysis

, 231–232

Rammstein Album Cover

, 71–72

‘Remembrance’

, 232–237

Representational space

, 162–164

and symbols of protest art

, 165–168

Representative democracy

, 200

Resistance publics

, 63–65

Resistant microbloggers

, 65–66

Resource mobilization theory

, 178

Rhizomatic structures

, 185

Royal Air Force (RAF)

, 131

Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS)

, 37

Sociological Survey on Russian Dream

, 40–42

‘Russian avant-garde’

, 13

Russian dream

, 42, 45

Russian futurists

, 15

‘Russian hackers’

, 102

Russian idea and the American dream, The

, 37–38

Russian Idea to Russian Dream

, 37–40

‘Russian meddling’

, 97, 102

Russian media environment

, 65–66

‘Russian oligarchs’

, 97

Russian protest movement

, 51

Russian Revolution

, 1, 2, 9

Russian society

, 37

Securitization

, 273

Security

, 273

Self-reflection

, 118

Short message service (SMS)

, 178

Silent revolution

, 199–200

Situationist International

, 202–203

Social media

, 108–109, 184, 213

Social movement (SM). See also Greek ‘Do Not Pay’ Social Movement

, 118, 143, 228, 230

case study and methods

, 142–143

conflicts and division of labour in Macao’s experience

, 147–151

cooperation within Macao

, 152–153

framing organization in hybrid movements

, 143–145

materiality of Macao’s relations

, 145–147

Social networks

, 248–251

Socialism

, 197–198

Socialist development

, 27–28

Sociopolitical agency

, 263, 265–266

Soft or smart power

, 97–98

Solidarity

, 83–84

movement in Poland

, 201

‘Someone-as-anyone’ strategy

, 119

SORM ICT monitoring system

, 71

Soviet communicative control

, 52–55

and implications

, 57

in Post-Soviet Russia

, 55–57

review and methodology

, 52–53

Soviet ideology

, 55

Soviet intellectuals

, 44

Soviet power

, 54

Soviet Union

, 54–55

Sozialistische Einheitspartei (SED)

, 24–25

Space production

, 163–164

‘Spaces of play’

, 172–173

Spaces of representations

, 162, 163–164

Spain’s 15-M Movement

, 197

logics of collective action in conflict

, 202–205

Trade Unions and

, 205–207

Spatial practice

, 162–164

Staatssekretariat für Staatssicherheit. See State Secretary for State Security (SfS)

State Secretary for State Security (SfS)

, 24–27

State Security Service

, 24–26

Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA)

, 214

Summer Camp

, 145–147

‘Symphony of Sirens’, The

, 19

Task Force for Public Connections (Arbeitsgruppe Öffentliche Verbindungen)

, 29

Technical activist

, 150–151

Technical communicator

, 150–151

Techno-optimism

, 269

Telegraph service

, 54

Telephone service

, 54

Television productions, Bereich 6/ZAIG and Department for Agitation in

, 29–33

‘Text’

, 111–112, 116–118

Thematic analysis

, 221

Theory of interactions

, 52–53

Tiananmen Square

, 161

To Restore American Independence Now (TRAIN)

, 100

Trade Unions

, 205–207, 211

Traditional media

, 84

Transnational

labour solidarity

, 212–214

struggle

, 6–10

Truth About Civil Turmoil (TACT)

, 100

‘Tweetboat’

, 119–120

Twitter

, 242

digital methods, data collections and limitations

, 247–248

and framing

, 245–246

networks and politics

, 243–245

as political sphere and tool for campaigning

, 242–243

‘Tyranny of structurelessness’

, 144–145

‘Umbrella Everywhere’

, 168–169

Umbrella Movement

, 164, 166

Umbrella Revolution. See Umbrella Movement

Umbrella Square

, 165–166

Union Solidarity International (USI)

, 5–6, 211

data and research methods

, 215–216

findings

, 216–223

transnational labour solidarity

, 212–214

Twitter account

, 217

Unit of analysis

, 231–232

Unofficial Collaborators

, 29

Urban social movements

, 163–164

US Committee for Public Information (CPI)

, 101

Ventriloquism

, 118–119

Victor Pelevin’s postmodern novel Generation “II”

, 37, 42–46

Victory over the Sun

, 14–15

‘Virtual democracies’ phenomenon

, 70

Visual analysis

, 165

Visual Arts Section

, 19

Visualizations

, 247–248

VKontakte

, 67–68

Web 1. 0

, 212–214

Web 2. 0

, 212–214, 229

Western intelligence agencies

, 24

Whatsapp

, 184

Women workers

, 199

Workers World

, 130–131

Xenophobia

, 89

Yellow vests

, 6–7

YouTube’s ‘alternative’ TV channels

, 86

Zentrale Auswertungs-und Informationsgruppe (ZAIG)

, 28–29