Prelims

Half Title Page

Protest Technologies and Media Revolutions

Digital Activism and Society: Politics, Economy and Culture in Network Communication

The Digital Activism and Society: Politics, Economy and Culture in Network Communication series focuses on the political use of digital everyday-networked media by corporations, governments, international organizations (Digital Politics), as well as civil society actors, NGOs, activists, social movements and dissidents (Digital Activism) attempting to recruit, organise and fund their operations, through information communication technologies.

The series publishes books on theories and empirical case studies of digital politics and activism in the specific context of communication networks. Topics covered by the series include, but are not limited to:

• the different theoretical and analytical approaches of political communication in digital networks;

• studies of socio-political media movements and activism (and ‘hacktivism’);

• transformations of older topics such as inequality, gender, class, power, identity and group belonging;

• strengths and vulnerabilities of social networks.

Series Editor

Dr Athina Karatzogianni

About the Series Editor

Athina Karatzogianni is Professor in Media and Communication at the University of Leicester, UK. Her research focuses on the intersections between digital media theory and political economy, in order to study the use of digital technologies by new sociopolitical formations.

Published Books in this Series:

Digital Materialism: Origins, Philosophies, Prospects by Baruch Gottlieb

Nirbhaya, New Media and Digital Gender Activism by Adrija Dey

Digital Life on Instagram: New Social Communication of Photography by Elisa Serafinelli

Internet Oligopoly: The Corporate Takeover of Our Digital World by Nikos Smyrnaios

Digital Activism and Cyberconflicts in Nigeria: Occupy Nigeria, Boko Haram and MEND by Shola A. Olabode

Platform Economics: Rhetoric and Reality in the "Sharing Economy" by Cristiano Codagnone

Communication as Gesture: Media(tion), Meaning, & Movement by Michael Schandorf

Journalism and Austerity: Digitization and Crisis during the Greek Memoranda by Christos Kostopoulos

Forthcoming Titles:

Chinese Social Media: Face, Sociality, and Civility by Shuhan Chen and Peter Lunt

Posthumanism in digital culture: cyborgs, gods and fandom by Callum McMillan

Title Page

Protest Technologies and Media Revolutions: The Longue Durée

Edited by

Athina Karatzogianni

University of Leicester, UK

Michael Schandorf

University of British Columbia, Canada

Ioanna Ferra

National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

Copyright Page

Emerald Publishing Limited

Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK

First edition 2021

Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 © 2021 respective chapter authors. Published under an exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited.

Chapter 6, A Comparative Cyberconflict Analysis of Digital Activism Across Post-Soviet Countries, © 2017 Koninklijke Brill Nv, Leiden.Republished with permission under a non-exclusive license by Emerald Publishing Limited.

Chapter 9, Creating The Collective: Social Media, the Occupy Movement and its Constitution as a Collective actor, © 2015 Taylor & Francis. Republished with permission under a non-exclusive license by Emerald Publishing Limited.

Chapter 10, Ground The Drones: Direct Action and Media Activism, © 2018 Peter Lang Publishing, Inc. Adapted content. Republished with permission under a non-exclusive license by Emerald Publishing Limited.

Chapter 11 ‘Beyond Social Media Determinism: How Artists Reshape the Organisation of Social Movements?’ copyright © 2018 Albert Cossu. Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. These works are published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of these works (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode

Chapter 15, Enhancing Transnational Labour Solidarity? A Case Study of Union Solidarity International, © 2017 Brian Towers (BRITOW) and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Adapted content. Republished with permission under a non-exclusive license by Emerald Publishing Limited.

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No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by The Copyright Licensing Agency and in the USA by The Copyright Clearance Center. Any opinions expressed in the chapters are those of the authors. Whilst Emerald makes every effort to ensure the quality and accuracy of its content, Emerald makes no representation implied or otherwise, as to the chapters' suitability and application and disclaims any warranties, express or implied, to their use.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-83982-647-4 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-83982-646-7 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-83982-648-1 (Epub)

About the Contributors

Alberto Cossu is a Sociologist and Media Scholar whose transdisciplinary research investigates the transformation of creative work. His work has appeared in journals such as European Journal of Cultural Studies, Social Media + Society and the International Journal of Cultural Studies. His monograph Autonomous Art Institutions: Artists Disrupting the Creative City will appear in 2020 for Rowman and Littlefield International. He currently acts as Lecturer in Media & Communication at the University of Leicester.

Anastasia Denisova is a Senior Lecturer in Journalism at CAMRI, University of Westminster. Her recent book Internet Memes and Society was published in 2019 by Routledge. Her other research publications include articles for Media, Culture and Society; Social Media + Society; Comparative Sociology; M/C Journal. Anastasia's work explores digital satire, viral cultures, political rap and social media, digital journalism, fashion media and sustainability.

Adrija Dey is currently a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow and a Senior Teaching Fellow at the Department of Development Studies, SOAS, University of London. Her research is titled Sexual and Gender Based Violence in Indian Universities: A study of Campus Life, Student Activism and Institutional Responses. She is also the author of Nirbhaya, New Media and Digital Gender Activism.

Ioanna Ferra is an Assistant Professor at the School of Media, at the National Research University Higher School of Economics in Moscow. Her research interest lays in the field of digital media, social movements and collective action, especially as these developed during the global recession. Recently she published her first monograph, Digital Media and the Greek Crisis: Cyberconlficts, Discourses and Networks. She has keen interest on working with digital research methods and experimenting with data mining techniques and software for Semantic and Social Network analysis.

Cristina Flesher Fominaya (PhD University of California, Berkeley) is Excellence 100 Reader in Social Politics and Media at Loughborough University and an internationally recognized expert in European social movement and politics. She is author of Democracy Reloaded: Inside Spain’s Political Laboratory from 15-M to Podemos (2020 Oxford University Press), Social Movements in a Globalized World (second ed) (2020 Palgrave) and co-editor of the Routledge Handbook of Contemporary European Social Movements (2020 The Routledge handbook).

Torsten Geelan is a Lecturer in the Sociology of Work and Employment at the School of Business, University of Leicester. His primary research focusses on the media as arenas in which trade unions, employers and the State seek to control the agenda surrounding the changing nature of work. He is also co-founder and co-chair of the research network on Alternatives to Capitalism at the Society for the Advancement of Socio-Economics.

Sebastian Haller studied Film and Media Studies as well as Art History at the University of Vienna. His research focusses on the media history of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), theories of visual culture and photography and the discourses of New Media. Haller currently examines the media politics and representations of the State Security Service in cinema and television in the GDR.

Andy Hodder is a Senior Lecturer in Employment Relations at Birmingham Business School, University of Birmingham. Andy's research examines contemporary trade unionism in a range of contexts. He is Secretary of the British Universities Industrial Relations Association and Co-Chair of the Midlands Labour & Employment Relations Society. His work has appeared in journals including British Journal of Industrial Relations, Work, Employment and Society, New Technology, Work and Employment and Industrial Relations Journal.

Kevin Howley is a Professor of Media Studies at DePauw University. His work has appeared in the Journal of Radio Studies, Journalism: Theory, Practice and Criticism, Social Movement Studies and Television and New Media. He is the author of Community Media: People, Places, and Communication Technologies (2005) and editor of Understanding Community Media (2010) and Media Interventions (2013). His latest book is Drones: Media Discourse & The Public Imagination (2018).

Anastasia Kavada is a Reader in Media and Politics at the School of Media and Communication at the University of Westminster. She is Co-Leader of the Arts, Communication and Culture Research Community and of the MA in Media, Campaigning and Social Change. Her research focuses on the links between digital media, social movements, participatory democracy and campaigning for social change. Her work has appeared in a variety of edited books and academic journals, including Media, Culture and Society and Information and Communication and Society.

Athina Karatzogianni is Professor in media and communication at the University of Leicester. She is currently Principal Investigator for the H2020 DigiGen The Impact of Technological Transformations on the Digital Generation, leading work on ICT and the transformation of civic participation (2019–2022). Her most recent book is Platform Economics: Rhetoric and Reality the ‘Sharing Economy’, co-authored with Cristiano Codagnone and Jacob Matthews (Emerald, 2018).

Ilya Kiriya is a Professor and Head of the School of Media in National Research University Higher School of Economics in Moscow. He holds a PhD in journalism from Moscow State University and PhD in information and communication studies from Grenoble University (France). Main works of Ilya Kiriya are centred on political economy, political control of communications in post-Soviet world. His publications are published by International Journal of Communication, Russian Journal of Communications, Hermes (France), Russian Politics and others.

Galina Miazhevich is a Senior Lecturer at the School of Journalism, Media, and Culture at Cardiff University, UK. Galina has published extensively in peer-reviewed journals and co-authored several monographs. Galina currently leads an AHRC grant (2018–2020) exploring media representations of nonheteronormative sexuality in Russia. Galina serves on the editorial boards of several international journals; she is an executive board member of European Communication Research and Education Association (ECREA).

Dennis Nguyen is a Senior Lecturer, Researcher and Graduation Coordinator for the study programs Data-Driven Design (MA) and Creative Business (BA) at the University of Applied Sciences Utrecht in the Netherlands. In his book Europe, the Crisis and the Internet (2017), he discusses online public spheres and political communication with emphasis placed on transnational political discourses. His current research focusses on the impact of digital media and datafication on public discourses and data ecologies.

Shola Abidemi Olabode has previously served as a Tutor for Media Movements and Radical Politics at the University of Hull, where he completed a PhD in Media Studies. His research interest is in the area of Digital Activism and Cyberconflicts. His monograph Digital Activism and Cyberconflicts in Nigeria: Occupy Nigeria, Boko Haram and MEND (2018) analyses sociopolitical and ethnoreligious conflicts within an African-centred context, with Nigeria as a lens to understand the digital and organizational aspects of digital media technologies.

Georgios Patsiaouras is an Associate Professor in Marketing and Consumption at the University of Leicester, School of Business. His research interests include conspicuous consumption phenomena, sustainability, cultural and historical readings of marketing practices. His work has been published in journals such as Marketing Theory, Journal of Marketing Management, Journal of Macromarketing and Journal of Historical Research in Marketing amongst others.

Stamatis Poulakidakos is a Laboratory Teaching Staff at the Department of Communication and Media Studies of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA). He holds a BA and a PhD degree from the Department of Communication and Media Studies (NKUA) and an MA degree in New Media, Information and Society (Research Track) from London School of Economics (LSE). He has published several papers on political communication, propaganda, social media and the public sphere, political advertisements, social movements and other media-related issues.

Maria Rovisco is an Associate Professor in Sociology at the School of Sociology and Social Policy at the University of Leeds, UK. She has research interests in cosmopolitanism, new activisms, citizenship, migrant and refugee arts and visual culture. Among her recent publications are the co-edited books Cosmopolitanism, Religion and the Public Sphere (Routledge, 2014) and Taking the Square: Mediated Dissent and Occupations of Public Space (2016).

Michael Schandorf is a Lecturer in Journalism, Writing and Media at the University of British Columbia. His research and scholarship focusses on the ways in which people make meaning and the social and political implications of those processes. His most recent book is Communication as Gesture: Media(tion), Meaning, and Movement.

Angelos Theocharis is a PhD Candidate in Russian Cultural studies at the University of Edinburgh, studying transnational communities, cultural practices and identity construction. He holds a Bachelor degree in Law from the University of Athens and a MA in Cultural Studies and Russia from the Lomonosov Moscow State University. He has published papers in academic journals and conference proceedings, has contributed with chapters in edited volumes and has organized international conferences. His research interests include cultural theory and politics, Russian studies, digital humanities, acoustic ecology and sensory studies.

Maria Tsantsanoglou was born in Thessaloniki. She is acting general director of MOMus and the artistic director of MOMus-Museum of Modern Art-Costakis Collection. Director of the State Museum of Contemporary Art (2006–2018). Art historian specializing in the period of Russian avant-garde. Member of the Greek State Committee for the reception of the Costakis Collection (1998). Scientific advisor for cultural issues and press attaché at the Greek Embassy in Moscow (1990–2002). She has taught history of art at the Lomonosov University, Moscow (1997–2001). She has been teaching Russian Art at the University of Macedonia, Department of Balkan, Slavic and Oriental Studies (Thessaloniki) since 2002. She has curated exhibitions in Greece, Russia, Germany, UK, France, Spain, Italy, China, Turkey, the countries of Caucasus and Central Asia. She is the author of two books and has numerous editions, publications and contributions in international conferences.

Anastasia Veneti is Principal Academic at Bournemouth University. Her research lays in the intersection of media and politics, including (visual) political communication, digital political campaigning, media framing, protests and social movements and photojournalism. Her work has been published in edited volumes and academic journals. She is the author of Political Advertising and Citizens' Perceptions (Nisos, 2009 in Greek) and co-editor (with D. Jackson and D. Lillker) of Visual Political Communication (2019).

Preface

Protest Technologies and Media Revolutions in the Longue Durée brings together 22 scholars in 17 chapters, offering a stimulating dialogue on the historical continuities and discontinuities identified in the use of protest technologies in the long-term processes of revolutions, uprisings and the media and communication infrastructures that enable and constrict them.

The book's contributors span many disciplines ranging across media and communication, cultural studies, politics, sociology and digital humanities. The majority of the contributors presented or participated at a two-day international conference called Connecting to the Masses 100 Years from the Russian Revolution: From Agitprop to the Attention Economy, which took place at the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam (https://iisg.amsterdam/en) and the University of Amsterdam. It was a collaboration between Athina Karatzogianni from the School of Media, Communication and Sociology of the University of Leicester (MCS); Stefania Milan from the DATACTIVE research group at the Media Studies department of the University of Amsterdam; Andrey Rezaev from the Department of Sociology at St. Petersburg State University; le Centre d'Études sur les Médias et l'Internationalisation (CEMTI) at Paris 8 and the State Museum of Contemporary Art, Thessaloniki.

Although only some of the conference participants contributed to this book, we would also like to thank those who, with their involvement at various stages, made this a fantastic experience: Gerassimos Moschonas (Panteion University, Athens); Mariëlle Wijermars (University of Helsinki); Aliaksandr Herasimenka (University of Westminster); Maros Krivy (University of Cambridge); Richard J Aldrich (University of Warwick); Jairo Lugo-Ocando (University of Leeds); Geert Lovink (Hogeschool van Amsterdam); Arne Hintz (Cardiff University) and Stefania Milan (University of Amsterdam); Nikos Smyrnaios (University Toulouse 3); Alexander Neumann, Jacob Matthews, Vincent Rouzé (Paris 8); Lina Dencik (Cardiff University); Alex J. Wood (University of Oxford); Gabriella Alberti (Leeds University); Thomas Poell, Davide Banis, Lonneke van der Velden and Ernst van den Hemel (University of Amsterdam); Andreas Takis (Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki and State Museum of Contemporary Art – Costakis Collection, Thessaloniki); Baruch Gottlieb (UdK Berlin, University of the Arts); Andrey V. Rezaev, Pavel Lisitsyn, Natalia Orlova, Alexander Stepanov, Valentin Starikov, Anna Andreeva and Nataliya Tregubova (St. Petersburg State University); Mathias Klang (Fordham University); Nora Madison (Chestnut Hill); Mark Halley (Gallaudet University) and Dmitrii Zhikharevich (LSE). We are also grateful to Franco Berardi for the screening of the film Comunismo Futuro (2017, duration 70mins), directed by Andrea Gropplero di Troppenburg, screenplay by Franco Berardi and produced by Pidgin. Online info: http://filmitalia.org/p.aspx?t=film&l=it&did=108791. We extend special thanks to Despina Panagiotopoulou (independent artist Athens) and the #ESCUCHATORIO collective streaming the conference at http://escuchatorio.net/Listening as a Political Exercise with the artist/activist Juanpablo Avendaño Avila.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the contributors of this book (Maria Tsantsanoglou, Sebastian Haller, Angelos Theocharis, Ilya Kiriya, Galina Miazhevich, Anastasia Denisova, Anastasia Kavada, Kevin Howley, Alberto Cossu, Georgios Patsiaouras, Adrija Dey, Shola Olabode, Cristina Flesher Fominaya, Torsten Geelan, Andy Hodder, Stamatis Poulakidakos, Anastasia Veneti, Maria Rovisco, Dennis Nguyen) for committing to the work and for engaging with each other and us as editors in such a friendly and collegial manner, which inspires us to pursue future collaborations! A few of the contributors joined the volume after the conference took place and at different stages of the project, and we would like to thank them for their trust.

Lastly, we would also like to express our gratitude to Emerald and their team for producing and publishing this book and reviewers for their feedback. We welcome comments and discussions of these contributions from readers.

December 2019

Athina Karatzogianni

Ioanna Ferra and Michael Schandorf