Accelerated digitization

, 171

Accommodation

, 76, 224

Accreditation

, 77, 243

Active tourism associations

, 57

Active transport

, 137

demand for low-carbon tourism strategies

, 137–138

and low-carbon tourism

, 138–140

postpandemic tourism trends

, 136–137

recommendations, and policy implications

, 143–144

role in promoting tourism experiences

, 140–143

tourism

, 139

Active travel

, 139

African economies

, 5

Agriculture

, 60

Air traffic

, 167

Airports

, 166–167

terminal congestion

, 167

Architecture

, 164–165

Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP)

, 199

Asian Development Bank (ADB)

, 93, 100

Asian financial crisis

, 110

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

, 4–5, 10

case studies in

, 21–24

impact of COVID-19 on ASEAN tourism

, 3–7

Economic Blueprint

, 163–164

Economic Community

, 163–164

region

, 4–5, 22

Attraction, accessibility, accommodation, amenities, and activities (5A’s of tourism)

, 31, 34, 36

Augmented reality (AR)

, 93

Balancing loops

, 111–112

Bamb Ecological Technology Inc.

, 183

Bambike

tourism products

, 188

tourists in Intramuros

, 190

Bambike Ecotours, The

, 183–184

Bambuilders

, 183

Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP)

, 94

Bangkok walking tours

, 141–142

Barangay Peacekeeping Action Teams (BPATs)

, 226–227

Barrier-Free Tourism

, 77–79

Bellevue Resort, The

, 51

Better normal

, 7, 25

Bicycle tourism

, 171, 186

benefits and considerations of

, 187

rise of

, 186

Bicycle-friendly infrastructure

, 187

Binondo

informality in Binondo’s tourism value chain

, 76–77

profile of

, 74

Bohol

, 48–49

Bohol Association of Hotels, Resorts, and Restaurants (BAHRR)

, 50–51

Bojo Aloguinsan Ecotourism Association (BAETAS)

, 154–155

Boracay Island

, 40

Boracay Rehabilitation Program of 2018

, 244

Bottom-up Local Economic Development approach

, 212

Built Environment

“bridges” of development from tourism and

, 168–169

elements of

, 164–167

future-proofing tourism and

, 172–173

survey of built environment complementation

, 169–172

Business

climate

, 88–89

confidence

, 80

and economic adjustments to “new normal”

, 94–97

entities

, 94

models

, 13

Canadian Trade and Investment Facility (CITF)

, 92–93

Capability building

, 115

Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

, 138

Cash-for-work programs

, 22

Causal loop diagram (CLD)

, 108, 111–112, 114

empirical evidence supporting

, 119

on-process

, 112–117

Challenges

, 68, 228, 231

City cycling tours

, 143

Coastal Underwater Resource Management Actions Project (CURMA Project)

, 54

Commendation

, 120–127

Community engagement, sustainable travel and

, 187

Community involvement

, 117

Community-based tourism

, 242–243

Community-centered tourism approach

, 13–17

Community-driven tourism initiatives in local enterprises

, 116

Competition

, 34

Complexity adaptive systems

, 172–173

Conservation

, 21–22

Consultative voices of Samarnon

, 207–211

Consumer confidence

, 80

Consumer expectations

, 101

Coopetition

, 19

Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES)

, 115

COVID-19

, 20–21, 46

impact on ASEAN tourism

, 3–7

pandemic

, 4, 6, 46, 88–89, 94, 96, 98, 110, 114, 172, 220

Philippine macroeconomic performance surrounding

, 162–163

Cruise port

, 166

Cruise ships

, 169–170

Cruise tourism

, 170

Culinary tour

, 142

Cultural awareness

, 188

Cultural heritage, connecting with

, 186

Cultural immersion, opportunities for

, 186

Cultural preservation

, 23

Cultural significance

, 200

Cultural tourism

, 35

Cultural walking tours

, 141–142

Cycle tourism

, 139, 182, 188, 190–191

Cycling

, 182

tours

, 143

Department of Education (DepEd)

, 203–204

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)

, 40, 225

Department of Environment and Natural Resources–Protected Area Management Board (DENR PAMB)

, 199

Department of Health (DOH)

, 97

Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE)

, 72, 97

Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)

, 206

Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG)

, 97

Department of Tourism (DOT)

, 40, 51, 92, 97, 108, 164, 199, 220–223, 238

national strategies

, 77–79

Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)

, 48–49, 88, 164

Department of Transportation (DOTr)

, 92

Destination branding

, 223

dimensions

, 223–224

Destination image

, 223–224

of Nueva Ecija

, 231

Destinations

, 62, 92–93

awareness

, 223–224

brand identity

, 231

culture

, 224

development

, 48

personality

, 223–224

quality

, 223–224

tourism

, 89

Development

, 238

Dictionary of Travel, Tourism, and Hospitality, The

, 8

Digital infrastructure

, 164

Digital payments

, 88–89

Digital platforms

, 95, 100

Digital transformation

, 39–40

Digitalization

, 10

Digitization

, 89

Divisoria

, 77, 79

Domestic tourism

, 71, 91–92

Eco-parks

, 142

Eco-tourism

, 35

challenges

, 228–231

concepts and best practices of ecotourism in Philippines

, 221–222

destination branding of Nueva Ecija as ecotourism destination

, 222–225

destinations

, 231

IFAS and EFAS SWOC factors and coordinate calculations

, 229–230

in Nueva Ecija

, 220–221

opportunities

, 227–228

pillars of ecotourism Vis-`a-vis postpandemic travel preference

, 221

rationale

, 220

strengths

, 225–227

SWOC analysis Vis-`a-vis stakeholder driven branding of Nueva Ecija as ecotourism destination

, 225

weaknesses

, 227

women in ecotourism conservation

, 154–155

Ecological civilization

, 241–242

Ecological significance

, 200–203

Economic sustainability

, 203

Economic theory

, 101

Economic turmoil

, 10

Education

, 51

Electronic tricycles (e-trikes)

, 171

EM Cuerpo Inc. (EMCI)

, 154

Empirical analysis of tourism value chains

case studies in ASEAN

, 21–24

impact of COVID-19 on ASEAN tourism

, 3–7

new normal TVC

, 13–21

shifting paradigms

, 9–13

travel, tourism, and hospitality

, 7–9

Employment

, 4

Environment

, 139, 150, 152–153

Environmental, social, and governance (ESG)

, 31

Environmental compliance

, 92

Environmental conservation

, 150

Environmental preservation

, 190–191, 194

Environmental protection

in Philippines

, 151–153

women and environmental protection and conservation in Philippines

, 152–153

European Commission Directorate-General for Development and Cooperation (DEVCO)

, 76

Evidence-based policymaking

, 80

Externalities

, 173

Financial aid

, 243

Financial assistance

, 72

Financial support

, 73

Financing

, 73

Fixing the market

, 239

Food and Beverage service sector (F&B service sector)

, 36, 49

Full CLD

, 117–119

Functional level

, 15

Future-proofing tourism and built environment nexus toward postpandemic sustainability

, 172–173

Gawad Kalinga

, 183

Geneva Act of the Lisbon Agreement (2015)

, 170–171

Geographical indication (GI)

, 170–171

German Development Cooperation (GIZ)

, 48–49

German Technical Cooperation (GTZ)

, 48

Global pandemic

, 136

Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC)

, 240

Governance

, 238

Government

, 238

community-based tourism

, 242–243

interventions

, 114–115

lessons learned

, 243–245

Newport World Resorts

, 241–242

regulatory role in tourism

, 238, 240–241

revitalized postpandemic role in tourism

, 239–240

Greenhouse gases (GHGs)

, 138

emissions

, 49

Greening the Tourism Value Chain project

, 50–51

Greening TVC in Panglao Island

, 49–52

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 4, 68, 108

Growth

, 139

Heritage sites

, 190–191

Hiking tours

, 141

Historical structures

, 165

Holistic Economic and Accessible Development (HEAD)

, 212

Hospitality sector

, 7–9

Humpty Dumpty approach

, 7–8

“I Love Earth” (ILE) program

, 242

Inclusive growth

, 227

Inclusive tourism

, 73

Inclusivity

, 34

Indigenous people (IP)

, 212

Indonesia, success stories in

, 21–24

Industries

, 34

Industry-centric initiatives

, 57

Industry-led initiatives

, 57

Informal economy

, 69, 76

Informal employment

, 69

Informal sector

in Binondo’s tourism industry

, 77

contentions and tensions

, 77–79

informality and tourism

, 69–70

informality in Binondo’s tourism value chain

, 76–77

leveraging informal tourism sector

, 80–81

Philippine tourism industry

, 70–72

profile of Binondo, Manila

, 74

in tourism value chain

, 72–73

Informal tourism

, 77

entrepreneurs

, 73

Informality

, 69–70

in Binondo’s tourism value chain

, 76–77

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

, 39–40, 93

Infrastructure

, 6

Innovation

, 5, 25

Intangible cultural heritage (ICH)

, 23

Integrated tourism value chain, roadblocks toward

, 77–79

Intellectual Property of the Philippines (IPOPHL)

, 170–171

Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Disease (IATF-MEID)

, 209–210

International Air Transport Association (IATA)

, 167

International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS)

, 198–199

International Labor Organization (ILO)

, 69, 92

International tourism

, 136

International Trade Centre (ITC)

, 47

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

, 200–203

Intramuros

, 182, 184, 188

context

, 190

cycle tourism domain

, 193–194

Intramuros Administration (IA)

, 183

Joint memorandum circular (JMC)

, 97

Kabilin

, 212–214

Karinderya

, 76

Koh Tao Island

, 21

La Union

, 52–55

Labor mobility

, 241

Land-based attractions

, 166

Landports

, 166

Leadership Excellence through Active Participatory Partnerships (LEAPP)

, 212, 214

Least Developed Economies (LDCs)

, 5

Linear tourism

, 141–142

Linear value chain

, 10

Local economies, bridges of development from tourism and built environment sectors to

, 168–169

Local Government Units (LGUs)

, 35, 40, 77, 79, 92–93, 114, 137–138, 199

tourism development plan

, 228

Tourism Guidebook

, 227

Local governments

, 59, 80, 98

Local tourism

, 89, 92

enterprises

, 116

pandemic as “silver lining” to improve local tourism initiatives

, 100–101

survey of local tourism sectors

, 169–172

Low-carbon tourism

active transport and

, 138–140

demand for low-carbon tourism strategies

, 137–138

Low–carbon mobility

, 139

Macro levels

, 10, 15

analysis

, 46

Malaysia, success stories in

, 21–24

Manila Tourism and Cultural Development Plan, The (MTCDP)

, 80

Manpower training

, 241

Market

, 238–239

adjustments

, 244

development

, 244

failure

, 241

market-based financing

, 100

Marketing plans

, 227

Mass tourism

, 137

Measuring Sustainability for Tourism (MST)

, 171

Meetings, incentives, conferences, and events (MICE)

, 49, 73

Meso level

, 10, 15

Micro level

, 15

Micro-, small-, and medium-scale enterprises (MSMEs)

, 48, 88, 108, 241

Micro-tourism

, 92

models

, 89

pandemic as “silver lining” to improve local and

, 100–101

Microenterprises

, 95–96

Micromovements in tourism

, 89–94

tourism indicators for Philippines

, 90

Minalungao National Park (MNP)

, 223

Minimum public health standards

, 97–98

Mobility

, 4

Models of tourism

, 9

Monster Day Tours

, 142

MSMEs

, 48, 88, 92, 100, 108, 241

Multilateral organizations

, 240

Mutual Recognition Arrangements (MRAs)

, 241

National Commission for the Culture and the Arts (NCCA)

, 165

National Cruise Tourism Strategy

, 77–79

National Economic Development Authority (NEDA)

, 71–72

National Employment Recovery Strategy

, 72

National government (NG)

, 40, 98

design policy frameworks

, 240

National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP)

, 165

National Integrated Protected Areas System Act (NIPAS Act)

, 223

National Parks

, 142

National Tourism Development Plan (NTDP)

, 71, 77, 79, 227–228

Natural disasters

, 228

Natural environment

, 214

Nature cycling

, 143

Negative externalities

, 244

Netherlands Development Organization (SNV)

, 48

New Normal

business and economic adjustments to

, 94–97

sample fundamental policy changes and interventions

, 15–17

tourism

, 22

TVC

, 13–21

Newport World Resorts (NWR)

, 241–242

Next normal

, 46

Nexus to tourism

, 163

Nonbanking financial institution (NBFI)

, 39

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)

, 57, 199

Nueva Ecija

destination branding of Nueva Ecija as ecotourism destination

, 222–225

ecotourism in

, 220–221

SWOC analysis vis-à-vis stakeholder driven branding of

, 225

tourism

, 225

One town, one product program (OTOP program)

, 164

Opportunities

, 68

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

, 10, 90, 240–241

Outstanding universal value (OUV)

, 200–203

Overseas Development Institute (ODI)

, 47

Overtourism

, 46

Palawan

, 49

Pandemic

, 93, 241

as “silver lining” to improve local and micro-tourism initiatives

, 100–101

review of tourism programs before

, 163–164

scenarios

, 118

Panglao Island

, 51

greening TVC in

, 49–52

Paradigm shifts

, 6

business and economic adjustments to “new normal”

, 94–97

business climate and COVID-19 pandemic

, 88–89

micromovements in tourism

, 89–94

pandemic as “silver lining” to improve local and micro-tourism initiatives

, 100–101

Paralyzed travel sector

, 5

Pawikan

, 53–54

Pedicab

, 68, 76

People’s organizations (POs)

, 199, 204, 207

People’s Republic of China (PRC)

, 242

Personal protective equipment (PPE)

, 136, 190

Philippine Center for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development, Inc. (PCEPSDI)

, 55–56

Philippine Development Plan (PDP)

, 33, 35, 71–72, 90, 165

Philippine National Police (PNP)

, 226–227

Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA)

, 70–71, 88, 162, 210–211

Philippine Tourism Development Plan (PTDP)

, 163

Philippine Tourism Human Capital Development Plan

, 77–79

Philippine Tourism Industry

, 70–72, 94, 112

Philippines

, 89, 163–164, 200, 221

concepts and best practices of ecotourism in

, 221–222

context

, 69–70

experience

, 32–33

macroeconomic performance surrounding COVID-19 pandemic

, 162–163

tourism industry recovery

, 117–118

TTVC project in

, 55–56

women, tourism, and environmental protection in

, 151–153

women and environmental protection and conservation in

, 152–153

women and tourism in

, 151–152

women’s experiences in tourism-related environmental work in

, 153–155

Physical infrastructure

, 164

Policy

, 238–239

Porter’s 5A’s of Tourism

, 13

Porter’s Value Chain Theory

, 13

Ports

, 165–166

Positive externalities

, 243

Post-COVID-19 pandemic

, 110–111

Postpandemic digital world

, 168

Postpandemic scenarios

, 118

Postpandemic sustainability, future-proofing tourism and built environment nexus toward

, 172–173

Postpandemic tourism trends

, 136–137

Prepandemic Normal

, 46

President Ferdinand Marcos Jr (PBBM)

, 71

Productivity

, 56

Programs, activities, and projects (PAPs)

, 244–245

Promoting Green Economic Development project (ProGED project)

, 48–49

Provincial Government

, 54

Public–private partnerships (PPP)

, 240

Push-and-pull concept in tourism

, 35

Qualitative approach

, 112

Real estate

, 162

Real estate investment trusts (REITs)

, 162

Recalibration

, 94

Regulations

, 238

Reinforcing loops

, 111–112, 115

Republic Act (RA)

, 88–89, 223, 244

Resilience

, 4–5

Revenge spending

, 32

Revenge travels

, 168

Rights–based approach

, 204–211

Road cycle tourism

, 143

Samar Island Natural Park (SINP)

, 198, 204, 206

issues, constraints, and opportunities

, 204–211

and statement of heritage significance

, 199–204

STSDP project (2022–2031)

, 199

sustainable tourism and strategic development framework

, 204–207

SWOT

, 207–211

Tourism-based Organization

, 209

Samarnons

consultative voices of

, 207–211

and SINP’s issues, constraints, and opportunities

, 204–211

SINP’s SWOT

, 207–211

voices of Samarnon tourism frontliners

, 204–207

San Juan environmental champions, The

, 54–55

San Juan Resort Restaurant and Hotel Association (SJRRHASS)

, 53

Sari-sari store

, 68

Seafaring

, 169

Seaports

, 165–166

Self-governance

, 240

Shifting paradigms

, 9, 13, 17

Single-Use Plastics (SUPs)

, 53, 56

Small and Medium Enterprise Development for Sustainable Employment Program (SMEDSEP)

, 48

Small Island Developing States (SIDS)

, 5

Small medium enterprises (SMEs)

, 22

Smart City project, The

, 153–154

SNV Netherlands Development Organization

, 47

Socio-economic benefits

, 36

Southeast Asia

, 163–164

Southeast Asia Development Solutions (SEADS)

, 100

Stakeholders

, 119

community

, 40

engagement

, 40

involvement in sustainable tourism

, 40

Statement of heritage significance

, 199–204

Strategic development framework

, 211–212

Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges analysis (SWOC analysis)

, 220

Sustainability

, 22, 31, 36, 149–150, 221–222

Sustainable consumption and production (SCP)

, 55–56

Sustainable destination development

, 62

Sustainable development, opportunities for

, 186

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 35, 101

Sustainable intramuros

benefits and considerations of bicycle tourism

, 187

bicycle-friendly infrastructure

, 187

connecting with cultural heritage

, 186

investigative approach

, 188

literature review

, 186–187

recommendations

, 192–193

rise of bicycle tourism

, 186

survey results

, 188–191

sustainable travel and community engagement

, 187

Sustainable Palengke

, 53

Sustainable Tourism (ST)

, 18, 32–33, 36, 58, 114, 128, 149–150, 221, 238

initiatives in San Juan, La Union

, 52–55

paradigm

, 118–119

practices

, 142

tourism linkages and role in

, 36–40

value chain as framework for

, 60–62

Sustainable Tourism and Strategic Development Framework (STSDF)

, 198–199

Sustainable tourism and strategic development plan (STSDP)

, 198

Sustainable tourism development

, 198–199

case studies in TVC approaches to

, 48–49

Samarnons and SINP’s issues, constraints, and opportunities

, 204–211

SINP and statement of heritage significance

, 199–204

SINP sustainable tourism and strategic development framework

, 204–207

Sustainable Tourism Development Project (STDP)

, 114, 117

Sustainable travel and community engagement

, 187

SWOC analysis Vis-`a-vis stakeholder driven branding of Nueva Ecija as ecotourism destination

, 225

SWOT analysis

, 225

Systems theory

, 109

Systems thinking (ST)

, 108

causal loop diagram

, 111–112

CLD on-process

, 112–117

empirical evidence supporting CLDs

, 119–120, 127

findings

, 112–119

full CLD

, 117–119

literature review

, 109–111

methods

, 112

post-COVID-19 pandemic

, 110–111

research gap

, 112

in tourism industry

, 109

tourism industry recovery through lens of ST

, 109–111

Systems view of tourism business sustainability

, 33–36

Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA)

, 203–204

Technological Acceptance Model (TAM)

, 57–58

Technological development

, 244

Technology

, 60

Terminological exactitude

, 7–8

Thailand, success stories in

, 21–24

Tourism

, 7–9, 33, 69–70, 108, 110, 136

active transport’s role in promoting tourism experiences

, 140–143

airports

, 166–167

“bridges” of development from

, 168–169

destination quality

, 224

destinations

, 232–233

development

, 40

economy

, 62

elements of

, 164–167

goods and services

, 89

governance

, 239

government’s revitalized postpandemic role in

, 239–240

landports

, 166

landscape

, 182

linkages and role in sustainable tourism

, 36–40

micromovements in

, 89–94

numbers

, 23

in Philippines

, 151–153

portfolio

, 98

regulations

, 238

review of tourism programs before pandemic

, 163–164

seaports

, 165–166

sector

, 5

sustainable tourism

, 32–33

systems view of

, 33–36

systems view of tourism business sustainability

, 33–36

tourism linkages and role in sustainable tourism

, 36–40

tourism-affected Siargao island

, 96–97

travel and tourist experience

, 167

women and

, 151–152

women’s experiences in

, 153–155

workers

, 170

Tourism Act (2009)

, 117, 244

Tourism Development Plan

, 226

Tourism Direct Gross Value Added (TDGVA)

, 32, 70

Tourism industry

, 32, 57, 68, 71, 89, 110, 220, 238

applying ST in

, 109

of Nueva Ecija

, 225–226

recovery through lens of ST

, 109–111

revival

, 118

Tourism Rehabilitation and Vitalization of Enterprises and Livelihood (TRAVEL)

, 115

Tourism Response and Recovery Plan (TRRP)

, 71, 77, 79, 108

Tourism Road Infrastructure Program (TRIP)

, 115

Tourism value chain (TVC)

, 9, 13, 31, 36

analysis approach

, 48

background

, 46

case studies in TVC approaches to sustainable tourism development

, 48–49

functional levels of

, 11–12

greening TVC in Panglao Island

, 49–52

informal sector in

, 72–73

observations

, 56–60

production of visitor Ies

, 46–48

sustainable tourism initiatives in San Juan, La Union

, 52–55

TTVC Project in Philippines

, 55–56

TVC-based programs

, 46

value chain as framework for sustainable tourism

, 60–62

Tourist attraction

, 34

Tourist destination quality

, 231

Tourist destinations in Binondo

, 74

Tourist safety

, 116–117

Tourist villages

, 23

Training

, 56

Transformative policies

, 144

Transforming Tourism Value Chains (TTVC)

, 49, 61

Project in Philippines

, 55–56

Transportation

, 4, 76, 141, 171, 182

Travel

, 7–9

sector

, 4

and tourist experience

, 167

Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI)

, 166–167

UN Tourism

, 240

UN-Habitat report

, 56

Underemployment

, 88

Unemployment

, 88

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

, 91

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

, 182, 198

World Heritage Sites

, 209–210

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

, 49, 138

United Nations Sustainable Development

, 32

United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

, 8, 46, 89, 91, 115, 150, 240

Vaccinations

, 114

Value chain

, 8–9

analysis

, 48

as framework for sustainable tourism

, 57, 60, 62

Value creation

, 9

Value-based approach

, 198–199, 204

Virtual reality (VR)

, 93

Walking food tour

, 142

Walking tours

, 142

Weaknesses

, 93

Wildlife Safaris

, 142

Wildlife tourism

, 109

Women

, 150

in “No-to-174 Campaign” in Dumaguete City

, 153–154

in ecotourism conservation

, 154–155

and environmental protection and conservation in Philippines

, 152–153

experiences in tourism-related environmental work in Philippines

, 153–155

tourism, and environmental protection in Philippines

, 151–153

and tourism in Philippines

, 151–152

Word-of-mouth (WOM)

, 232

Work-from home (WFH)

, 98

Workcation

, 98

Workers

, 69

World Cycling Tourism Association (WCTA)

, 190

World Economic Forum (WEF) Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report

, 166–167

World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC)

, 4, 115