Prelims

Half Title Page

Virus Outbreaks and Tourism Mobility

Endorsement

As we gradually start the slow recovery from COVID-19 the book provides informative and comprehensive analysis of the various virus outbreaks and their impact on tourism. The global tourism industry needs to build resilience through sharing knowledge and learning from experience and best practice. This book provides a range of case studies and provides best-case examples to support the tourism and hospitality industry. Resilience, solidarity, humanity and leadership will take us forward towards using tourism to achieve the sustainable development goals by 2030.

–Professor Dimitrios Buhalis, Bournemouth University Business School

It is timely to take account of the connected and related themes of Virus Outbreaks and Tourism Mobility. This valuable collection adopts a systematic approach. The contributing authors offer new thinking about how border closures and other restrictions challenge prior assumptions about accelerating mobilities. Congratulations to the editors for this insightful and well-considered initiative.

–Professor Brian King, Associate Dean, School of Hotel and Tourism Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

The second decade of this century has ended up with a particular emphasis on the significance of safety and security in human beings’ life in general and tourist decision-making in particular. As a result, this is a timely contribution to overview the impacts of coronavirus on various parts of the travel and tourism industry across the globe. The book also suggests a number of effective strategies to maintain resilience and recovery out of such a global silence and disaster.

–Professor Metin Kozak, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey

COVID-19 has spread over the world at an incredible rate. The world economy, especially the tourism industry related to mobility, has been severely damaged. This book provides useful suggestions on how the tourism industry responds, survives, adapts and develops when infectious diseases such as COVID-19 spread. I definitely recommend reading this book.

–Shunsaku Hashimoto Professor, University of the Ryukyus, Faculty of Global and Regional Studies, Management program

This looks to be an important and timely publication. I can't wait to read it and potentially use in my teaching. The coverage is broad and the topic is most urgent for examination.

–Johnny Skinner, Reader in Social Anthropology, Department of Life Sciences, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton London (UK)

I am hoping for a counterfactual outcome for tourism, once the dark clouds of the Covid-19 pandemic is passé; a better kind of tourism, with increased focus on health and wellbeing. Or, will the bad olden days of mass tourism make a vigorous comeback? This book offers hope, yet does not lose realism. Timely reading and excellent presentation.

–Babu George, PhD Professor, Christian Brothers University, USA

The tourism, travel and hospitality industry is the most sensitive as well as highly volatile global industry for demand and supply point of view. Any major disruption, i.e. political unrest, terrorism, disasters, natural calamities and pandemics, can directly affect and impact tourism mobility which may be the cause of huge loss of earnings and employment of millions. In this context, the book covers all such previous pandemic cases, which have directly affected the tourism industry.

–Professor S.P. Bansal, Vice-Chancellor, Himachal Pradesh Technical University, Himachal Pradesh, India

Tourism Security-Safety and Post Conflict Destinations

Series editors: Maximiliano E. Korstanje and Hugues Seraphin

Since the turn of the century, the international rules surrounding security and safety have significantly changed, specifically within the tourism industry. In the age of globalization, terrorism and conflict have moved beyond individual high-profile targets; instead, tourists, travellers and journalists are at risk. In response to this shift, the series invites authors and scholars to contribute to the conversation surrounding tourism security and post-conflict destinations.

The series features monographs and edited collections to create a critical platform which not only explores the dichotomies of tourism from the theory of mobilities but also provides an insightful guide for policymakers, specialists and social scientists interested in the future of tourism in a society where uncertain-ness, anxiety and fear prevail.

Tourism Security-Safety and Post Conflict Destinations explores research approaches and perspectives from a wide range of ideological backgrounds to discuss topics such as:

• Studies related to comparative cross-cultural perceptions of risk and threat

• Natural and human-caused disasters

• Post-disaster recovery strategies in tourism and hospitality

• Terror movies and tourism

• Aviation safety and security

• Crime and security issues in tourism and hospitality

• Political instability, terrorism and tourism

• Thana-tourism

• War on terror and Muslim tourism

• The effects of global warming on tourism destinations

• Innovative quantitative/qualitative methods for the study of risk and security issues in tourism and hospitality

• Virus outbreaks and tourism mobility

• Disasters, trauma and tourism

• Apocalyptic theories and tourism as a form of entertainment

Title Page

Virus Outbreaks and Tourism Mobility: Strategies to Counter Global Health Hazards

Edited by

Sharad Kumar Kulshreshtha

North-Eastern Hill University, India

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

Copyright Page

Emerald Publishing Limited

Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK

First edition 2021

Copyright © 2021 by Emerald Publishing Limited

All rights of reproduction in any form reserved

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No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by The Copyright Licensing Agency and in the USA by The Copyright Clearance Center. Any opinions expressed in the chapters are those of the authors. Whilst Emerald makes every effort to ensure the quality and accuracy of its content, Emerald makes no representation implied or otherwise, as to the chapters' suitability and application and disclaims any warranties, express or implied, to their use.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-80071-335-2 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-80071-334-5 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-80071-336-9 (Epub)

Dedication

To my respected teacher (Guru) Professor Umendra Narayan Shukla. My respected parents Shri Jiwan Prakash Kulshreshtha (father) and Late Smt. Sushma Kulshreshtha (mother) for their endless affection, support and encouragement.

List of Figures

List of Tables

List of Abbreviations

ACI

Airports Council International

AIDS

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

ARDL

Autoregressive Distributed Lag

ARIMA

Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average

CCTV

Closed-circuit television

CDC

Centre For Disease Control

CHIKV

Chikungunya virus

COVID-19

Corona Virus Disease 2019

CSV

Comma-separated Values

DRC

The Democratic Republic of The Congo

EASA

The European Aviation Safety Agency

EVD

Ebola virus disease

FDA

Food and Drug Administration

FSSAI

Food Safety and Standards Authority of India

FTA

Foreign tourist arrival

GBTA

Global Business Travel Association

GDP

Gross domestic product

H1N1

Haemagglutinin Type 1 and Neuraminidase Type 1

H2N2

Haemagglutinin Type 2 and Neuraminidase Type 2

H3N2

Haemagglutinin Type 3 and Neuraminidase Type 2

H3N8

Haemagglutinin Type 3 and Neuraminidase Type 8

H5N1

Haemagglutinin Type 5 and Neuraminidase Type 1

H7N9

Haemagglutinin Type 7 and Neuraminidase Type 9

HCoV-229E

Human coronavirus 229E

HCoV-HKU1

Human coronavirus HKU1

HCoV-NL63

Human coronavirus NL63

HCoV-OC43

Human coronavirus OC43

HIV

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

HMD

Hand and Mouth Disease

IATA

International Air Transport Association

ICAO

International Civil Aviation Organization

ICT

Information and Communication Technology

IHR

International Health Regulations

IPCC

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

ITR

Income Tax Return

MERS

Middle East respiratory syndrome

MERS-CoV

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus

MEs

Micro-enterprises

MICE

Meetings, incentives, conventions, exhibitions

NAIs

Neuraminidase inhibitors

NGOs

Non-governmental organizations

NIF

National Science Foundation

NIH

National Institutes of Health

NNSFC

National Natural Science Foundation of China

OECD

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

PCR

Polymerase chain reaction

PHEIC

Public Health Emergency of International Concern

PPEs

Personal protection equipment

PPP

Public–private partnership

RevPAR

Revenue per available room

ROK

Republic of Korea

RPKs

Revenue passenger kilometres

RT-PCR

Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction

SARIMA

Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average

SARS

Severe acute respiratory syndrome

SARS-CoV

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus

SARS-CoV-2

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

SDGs

Sustainable development goals

SIV

Swine influenza virus

SMEs

Small and medium-sized enterprises

S-OIV

Swine-origin influenza virus

SOPs

Standard operating procedures

STI

Sexually transmitted infection

UNWTO

United Nations World Tourism Organization

USAID

United States Agency for International Development

VFR

Visiting friends and relatives

WHO

World Health Organization

WFH

Work from home

WTTC

World Travel and Tourism Council

X-ray

X-radiation (X standing for ‘Unknown’)

ZIKV

Zika virus

About the Contributors

Gönül Akın is an Assistant Professor of Beykent University, Turkey. She obtained her BSc and Master's degrees in tourism from Canakkale On Sekiz Mart University, Turkey. She holds a PhD in Tourism from Istanbul University, Turkey. Gönül also has a bachelor degree in the aviation industry and another degree in economics from Anadolu University, Turkey. Her fields of expertise engage with the aviation operations and tourist experiences.

Sonam Angmo is a Research Scholar at the Department of Tourism and Hotel Management, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra. She is also an Adjunct Assistant Professor at Ladakh University, Leh (Ladakh) India. She received her Master's Degree in Hospitality Management from Kurukshetra University in 2015. She has published six research articles in leading journals and books and received the best student award for her PGDM in Tourism and Leisure from IITTM, Noida.

Marcello Atzeni (PhD) is Assistant Professor in Marketing at the Department of History, Human Sciences and Education, University of Sassari (Italy), where he teaches Cultural Marketing and Management. His research is related to tourist behaviour, tourism authenticity, cultural tourism, sustainable tourism, museum marketing, ICT and cultural heritage sites.

Dr Amine Belhadi is a Research Scholar at Caddi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco. He is an Engineer by profession and extensively engaged in several research studies in sustainable development, data analytics, industrial engineering and business management. He has published several case studies and research papers under engineering and data analytics, and especially on COVID-19 implications on sustainable development and waste management in high-impact journals.

Dr Soniya Billore is Assistant Professor of Marketing at the School of Business and Economics, Linnaeus University, Sweden. She earned her PhD from Keio University, Tokyo, Japan, as a Monbukagakusho (MEXT) scholar. Her research areas are cultural consumption, cross-cultural consumerism, international marketing and innovation. Dr Billore has published in several peer-reviewed journals and authored books. She was awarded the second position at the 2nd Annual Emerging Scholar Award by the International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship (IJGE), Emerald Publishing.

Galina Bukovska is a Visiting Lecturer at Vidzeme University of Applied Science and Head of Conference and Incentive Department, Baltic Travel Group, Latvia.

Pedro de Alcântara Bittencourt César, University of Caxias do Sul, Brazil, has a PhD in Geography (University of São Paulo – USP), an MSc in Planning and Management in Environmental Tourism and Culture (Centro Universitário Ibero Americano) and is an Architect and Urbanist (Unitau). He is a Permanent Professor at the University of Caxias do Sul in PostGraduation Program of Tourism and Hospitality and Architecture Graduation. He has been a Researcher with CNPq Productivity and CNPq Universal Scholarship. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6096-9209.

Chiam Chooi Chea obtained her Bachelor in Economics (Honours), Master in Business Administration (MBA) and PhD in Economics in the years 2001, 2003 and 2014, respectively. Since early 2003, she started lecturing in an international private university college and private university. With a total academic experience of approximately 17 years, her research interest is in the field of open distance learning (ODL) and resource economics.

Giacomo Del Chiappa (PhD) is Associate Professor of Marketing at the Department of Economics and Business, University of Sassari (Italy). He is also Senior Research Fellow at the School of Tourism and Hospitality of University of Johannesburg (South Africa). He is Associate Editor of the European Journal of Tourism Research and member of numerous editorial boards of national and international scientific journals. He is author and co-author of around 200 national and international publications.

Dorthe Eide is a Professor in Organisation and Management at Nord University Business School in Norway. She holds a Doctor Polit degree from the University of Tromsø, and her dissertation was about knowing, learning and innovation in hotels. Her research and teaching interests have turned from service to experience sectors/activities (nature, culture and meals) within various topics. These include different aspects of experience-based innovation and value co-creation, including sustainability and destination/visitor management.

Mehmet Ertaş is a Research Assistant Doctor at the Department of Tourism, Faculty of Tourism, Management Pamukkale University in Denizli/Turkey. He completed his PhD in 2019. His main fields of study are crisis management, tourism marketing and tourism recreation.

Dr Pooja Goel is an Assistant Professor in Shaheed Bhagat Singh College, University of Delhi, since August 2007. She obtained her PhD from Kurukshetra University, Haryana. Her area of interest is in marketing management, consumer behaviour, and research methodology. She has published many research papers in reputed journals. She has participated in many international and national conferences. She is a reviewer of many journals.

Dr Normala, S.G. is an Assistant Professor in Xiamen University Malaysia, School of Economics and Management. Having double doctorates in Human Resource Management and Business Administration and published several case studies, research papers and books in the areas of Human Resource Management and Marketing areas. Her studies are exclusively focused on areas of HRM, SME development.

Dr Vikas Gupta is an Alumnus of Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India, and holds a PhD in Hospitality. Apart from his academic credentials he possesses exemplary leadership and training skills, making him a really sought-after professional especially in the fields of Food Production and Culinary Arts. He has rich and extensive experience of teaching for more than 13 years in both India and abroad.

Olga Høegh-Guldberg is a Postdoctoral Researcher in Experience-based Tourism at Nord University Business School and is part of the Marketing, Management and Innovation of Experiences research group. She holds a PhD from Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences. Her main research interests are experience innovation, cross-sectoral networking and innovation practices, participative innovation approaches, and sustainable destination management.

Ut Lon (Billy) Im is a Lecturer in the School of Hospitality Management of Macao Institute for Tourism Studies (IFTM). He completed his Bachelor Degree in Hotel Management from IFTM and earned his Master Degree in Hospitality Administration in University of Nevada, Las Vegas. His span of research covered tourist behaviour and professions in hospitality.

Ruchika Kulshrestha is working with Amity School of Hospitality, Amity University, Gurugram (Haryana) as Assistant Professor and Programme Coordinator (Tourism). She has completed her PhD (Tourism) in Jiwaji University. Her research interest pertains to areas of heritage tourism, destination management, tourism marketing and tourist behaviour. She has published her research work in reputed international journals.

Woo Tai Kwan obtained her Bachelor in Humanities with Education (Hons) in 1982, Masters in Education in 1992 and a PhD in Education in 2003. She has been actively engaged in teacher training for more than 20 years and started lecturing in a private university since 2009. She also enjoyed a 5-year stint as an editor at a leading daily in Malaysia (The Star). Her field of interest is diverse but mainly pertains to open distance learning and the development of educational resources.

Cindia Ching Chi Lam is the Academic Coordinator of the Evening Degree Programmes at Macao Institute for Tourism Studies (IFTM). She earned her PhD from the Catholic University of Portugal (Portugal). She has published books, book chapters and worked on many government and commercial consultancy and research projects.

Agita Livina is the Chair on UNESCO MAB and Director, HEPSI at Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences, Latvia.

Erdan Ma is an Associate Professor at the Yunnan University of Finance and Economics. She earned her PhD from Macao University of Science and Technology (MUST). Her research interests involve issues of tourism and hospitality. She has completed many academic, government and commercial projects, and published journal articles, book chapters and other articles.

Thaíse Zattera Marchesini, University of Caxias do Sul, Brazil, is an Architecture and Urbanism Academic at the Arts and Architecture Center of the University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), as well as a Researcher at Scientific Initiation Scholarship PIBIC/CNPq and member of the Center for Urban Studies and Cultural Heritage studying Tourism and Regional Planning. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5479-3032.

Dr Yasushi Maruyama (PhD, CIA, CFE, CPFA) is a Professor at the School of Business Administration, Aichi Institute of Technology. His research interests include public accounting, public auditing, public administration management, and innovation in non-profit organizations. He has worked in the local government in Japan and aims to bridge the gap between practice and theory. He holds a professional internal audit certification CIA and has a long history of working in the audit department. In addition, he is an academic advisor to several Japanese local governments on governance and management.

Dileep Kumar, M. is a Professor of Research and Strategy of Gopal Narayan Singh University, India and Nilai Field Research Centre, Malaysia. He has engaged in teaching, training, consultancy and academic administration for the past 18 years in several national and international universities. He is a consultant of research and project management for manufacturing and service organizations. He has written several industrial and business case studies, books and monographs and published several research papers in high-impact journals.

Ashutosh Pandey is an Assistant Professor at FORE School of Management, New Delhi (India). He received the MHRD scholarship to pursue his full-time PhD in Marketing from ABV-IIITM, Gwalior. His area of interest lies in tourism marketing, destination management, experience quality management and social media marketing. He has published his research work in many reputed international journals.

Justin Matthew Pang is a Tourism and Hospitality Lecturer with the Royal Melbourne University of Technology (RMIT) University, Vietnam, Hanoi. He holds a Doctor of Hotel and Tourism Management (D.HTM) from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Prior to joining RMIT University, Justin taught hospitality for more than a decade at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore. He also spent more than 10 years in operations, having worked in hotels and resorts in Australia, Singapore, United Kingdom, USA and the Caribbean.

Enrico Panai (PhD) is a Human Information Interaction Specialist and an independent researcher in Cyber Geography and Ethics of Information. He has taught for several years as an adjunct professor of Digital Humanities in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Sassari. He is in the process of obtaining a new PhD in Geoeconomics and Geopolitics at the Department of Humanities and Social Science (DUMAS) at the University of Sassari (Italy). He is currently president of EATSA – Euro-Asia Tourism Studies Association.

Gavinolla Mahender Reddy is an Assistant Professor at the National Institute of Tourism and Hospitality Management, India, Guest Lecturer at Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences, Latvia, and a PhD candidate at Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, India. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3476-3132.

Garima Sahu is a Research Scholar at Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India. She possesses exemplary marketing management skills especially in the fields of product branding and consumer behaviour. She has rich and extensive industry experience of more than 8 years in both India and abroad with renowned names such as Unilever, Australia, Maruti Suzuki, India Ltd, etc.

Sabrina Seeler is a Lecturer in International Tourism Management at the West Coast University of Applied Sciences, Heide (Germany) and a Research Fellow at the DITF – German Institute for Tourism Research. She holds a PhD from Auckland University of Technology (New Zealand) and has worked as a Postdoctoral Researcher at Nord University (Norway) where she has conducted this research. Her main research interests are experience consumption and creation, consumer behaviour in tourism, sustainable destination management, and visitor management. She is a book review editor for the Journal of Tourism Futures where she has also guest-edited a special issue and is a regular reviewer.

Simarjeet Singh is a Research Scholar, University School of Applied Management, Punjabi University, Patiala.

Sampada Kumar Swain is the Professor and Head of Department of Tourism, Pondicherry Central University.

Bruna Tronca, University of Caxias do Sul, Brazil, holds an MSc in Tourism and Hospitality (UCS) and graduated in Architecture and Urbanism (UCS). Her current research interest includes areas of architecture and urbanism, tourism and hospitality, accessibility, historical heritage, urban and regional planning. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7529-3560.

Dr Nidhi Walia is an Assistant Professor in University School of Applied Management, Punjabi University, Patiala. She has completed her MBA (Finance), MCom and PhD and has more than 15 years of teaching experience. She has published around 30 research papers in various reputed international journals. She is also acting as editorial board member in various international journals.

List of Contributors

Foreword

Declared as a pandemic on 11 March 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak has resulted in more than 1.3 million deaths out of the more than 56 million (or 0.8% of the world's population) known infected individuals (as of 18 Nov 2020) across the globe (WHO, 2020).

The global tourism industry has felt the full brunt of the pandemic, with business closures accompanied by massive job losses. Major airlines have filed for bankruptcies, and the abilities of every single government are tested to its limits. The need to protect lives and livelihoods has become a delicate balancing act, with proponents of business resumption and reopening of borders at odds with those who prioritize health and safety. There is even polarization at the most basic level – those for and against the wearing of masks. For all the progress made in the twenty-first century especially in education, the irony is that science (and rationality) risks being sidelined.

This book is timely as it provides a comprehensive review and compilation of topics related to the current and past pandemics and their direct and indirect impact on tourism. Dr Sharad must be commended for directing the research towards a more applied focus, as concrete solutions are needed in the collective responses by the people, industries and governments of the world.

There is reason to be cautiously optimistic. 38 million people have recovered from COVID-19. In parts of Asia, the situation has either improved with no further community spread or successfully achieved a huge reduction of COVID-19 positive cases. Some air travel bubbles have been established, safety protocols put in place, safe management measures instituted and implemented and a good number of vaccine candidates competing to complete their trials.

The day will come when we finally conquer COVID-19, yet we know it will not be the last widespread disease that we would witness in our lifetime. A measured and rational approach by all is needed to prepare for the next challenge, viral or otherwise. There is cautious optimism that mankind will prevail again.

Dr Edward Koh ¹

Visiting Professor

Bangkok University International

Preface

Viruses have been found everywhere on Earth (NHGRI, USA). Viruses are found wherever there is life and have probably existed since living cells first evolved (Iyer et al., 2006). Virus outbreaks are not a new phenomenon. They have occurred many centuries ago and are happening in this twenty-first century too. The outbreaks of these viruses were most horrific because of lack of knowledge of these viruses and their severe impacts, as well as no research and development to encounter such viral diseases because of absence of the vaccination and its related treatments and precautions. Such pandemics will always be a dreadful experience for human beings due to mass death tolls and infection through community spread. According to the National Human Genome Research Institute, ‘A virus is a small collection of genetic code, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat’ (NHGRI, USA). These viruses can enter our life and infect us in various ways. It can be possible through disease-bearing organisms, transmitted from plant to plant by insects and by blood-sucking insects. Influenza viruses are spread by coughing and sneezing etc. The book highlights several past and recent severe global pandemics that have broken out in various countries in the last few decades and harshly impacted tourism mobility and the tourism industry globally. The recent outbreaks of some well-known viruses such as avian flu, SARS, MERS, yellow fever, Ebola virus, Zika virus, swine flu and bird flu have directly affected tourism mobility throughout the world (CDC, 2020).

The most recent outbreaks of COVID-19 inflamed throughout the world, and as a result the outbreak was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO). On 11 March, World Health Organization Director-General characterized COVID-19 as a pandemic (previously known as ‘2019 novel coronavirus’) (CDC, 2020). The book highlights conceptual, theoretical background of studies and practical methods towards successfully handling these global pandemics and health emergencies as well as provides best practices to rejuvenate the tourism and hospitality industry from these pandemics.

The historical reviews of virus outbreaks exhibit the repulsive story which directly affects people, place, process, productivity, profitability and pleasure of business and society throughout the world. The dynamics of virus outbreaks are always painful, precautionary and preventive and involve follow-up on many strict restrictions, guidelines as well as standard operating procedures which are most essential protocols during such pandemic situations. The setbacks of these pandemics have always disrupted the social, economic and political environment in the respective regions. It is an old saying that human beings are social creatures. Pandemics affect the social sphere and create a psycho-syndrome of virus infections during the socialization process, meeting for specific purposes, leisure, pleasure and recreation. The terms social distancing, covering mouth with mask, regular hand washing, hand sanitization and maintaining cleanliness and health and hygiene are expounded.

The outlook and approach to encounter such chronic and critical viral diseases have always disrupted our lively environment and physical and mental well-being. In this new age of globalization, commercialization and socialization, celebrations with faster connectivity mobility and advanced information and communication technology, sharing economy where people are the most vibrant sensible resource which require safety and security, protection, precaution during meetings, interactions, with various stakeholders are very routine affairs. Faster mobility with advanced means of transportation, inter-continental global connectivity of people is the most vibrant reason of virus outbreaks and virus infection. The most recent virus outbreaks are some supporting real examples of such global regional and local pandemics.

Acknowledgements

First of all my sincere thanks to the Almighty whose blessings made it possible to edit this book successfully which is based on the most emerging global issue especially focussed on tourism and hospitality industry mobility during virus outbreaks.

Secondly, I owe an enormous debt of gratitude to my teacher (Guru) Professor, Umendra Narayan Shukla, and my respected parents without whose support and encouragement it would not have been possible for me to complete this endeavour.

I would like to express my gratitude to book series editors Prof. Maximiliano E. Korstanje and Prof. Hugues Seraphin who gave me this opportunity to edit on the topic ‘Virus Outbreak and Tourism Mobility’ under the book series on ‘Tourism Security-Safety and Post Conflict Destinations’, Emerald Publication, and also helped with the completion of this book. I am really thankful to them.

My sincere gratitude goes to all authors and co-authors whose interest, initiative, integrity, commitment and hard work for their valuable contributions to this edited volume. I highly appreciate their quality chapters, timely contribution and expertise to this book.

I am also grateful to my department faculty colleagues who have always inspired and encouraged me to complete this book.

My special thanks go to Emerald Publishing who gave me this opportunity to edit this book, and to all the book editing team members who have been involved in this book project for their continuous support and guidance for the successful completion of this book.

Finally, big thanks to my wife Sakshi and my children Atharv (son) and Aashvi (daughter) without whose support this book would not have been completed.

Thanking you

Dr Sharad Kumar Kulshreshtha