Aaronovitch, David

, 110, 178

Abortion Rights Campaign (Ireland)

, 155–156

Academic theory

, 6

Act of Settlement (1701)

, 46–47

Activism

, 132, 147–148

Activists

, 5, 22, 67, 182–183

Acton, Harold

, 179

Actualisation

, 182–183

self

, 49

Afghanistan

, 45, 114–115

immigration from

, 115–116

war

, 45

Africa

, 91–92

Age Concern

, 151–152

Agency

, 23, 32–33, 75, 78–79, 132, 158

Agonism

, 21, 23–24

Aguilera, Rodrigo

, 50

Air pollution

, 160–161

Akinwotu, E.

, 102

Al Qaeda

, 45, 59, 63–64, 113–114, 116

impact of Al-Qaeda and ISIL’s attacks on racism and ethnic conflict

, 114–116

and BLM

, 113–114

Albright, Madeleine

, 46

Alder, David

, 126–128

Almeida, P. (and Van Dyke, N.)

, 94

Alter-globalisation

, 26, 67, 144

Alternative for Germany Party (AfD)

, 107–108

Amazon

, 33–34

Ambiguity of populism

, 18

America First

, 38, 44, 66, 70, 142

American Presidential Election 2016

, 1–2, 69–70, 72, 75, 96, 98

American Presidential Election 2020

, 98–101

American Revolution

, 82, 93

Anarchism

, 26

Anarcho-populism

, 4–5, 26, 56–57

Anderson, Benedict

, 151

Anderson, Stuart

, 161–162

Angeli, Oliveiro

, 44–45

Anna Coote

, 158

Anti-cosmopolitanism

, 75–78

Anti-fracking

, 135

Anti-pluralism

, 22–23

Anti-pluralist

, 22–24

Arab Spring

, 26

Arcadia Group

, 28, 144

Associative democracy

, 144–146

Asylum/asylum seekers. See also Refugees

, 117

Austerity

, 62–63

policies

, 67

response of left to

, 67

Austria

, 68–69, 107–108, 120–121

Authoritarian leadership

, 27–28

Authoritarian populism

, 49–50

in Eastern Europe

, 123–125

Authoritarianism

, 45–46, 123, 125

Autonomy (self)

, 133, 158

Banking crisis. See Financial crisis (2007–8)

Bannon, Steve

, 41, 124

Banwell, Stacey

, 160–161

Barton Moss

anti-fracking action

, 149–150

battle of

, 135–136

Base (in Marxist theory)

, 40

Basic minimum income (BMI)

, 183–184

Baxter, Sarah

, 105

Beacon of participatory democracy

, 87–88

Beck, Ulrich

, 77, 174

Belgium colonialism

, 116

Bell, Daniel

, 87

Bentham, Jeremy

, 133

Berkowitz, E. (and McQuaid, P.)

, 53

Berlin Wall

, 43, 123

Beveridge, William

, 156

Bezos, J.

, 6

Biden, Joe

, 1–2, 46, 70, 95, 98, 100–101, 106, 178–179

President Biden’s inauguration

, 106

Billionaires

, 141

Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME)

, 62, 170–171, 178, 183

Black liberation movement

, 5

Black Lives Matter (BLM)

, 5, 26, 85, 90, 92, 113–114, 116, 178

Al-Qaeda and

, 113–114

movement for safety and equal representation

, 116

Blair, Tony

, 10, 13–14

Blairite

, 24–25

Blond, Philip

, 54–55

Boardroom representation

, 149–150

Bolsonaro, Jair

, 30

Boohoo Factory, Leicester

, 67–68

Bottom-up movement

, 2

Bouazizi, Mohamed

, 32

Brazil

, 10–11, 143

Breitbart News

, 41

Brexit. See also EU referendum and 2016 Presidential Votes

, 69–72

case for progressive revival

, 78–79

changes in British immigration and Asylum Law

, 69

factors associated with Brexit and election of Donald Trump

, 60–69

financial crisis and Great Recession

, 62–63

immigration

, 63–64

interpretations of Brexit and Trump’s 2016 Election Win

, 72–78

issues after

, 136–138

left and right populist interpretations of immigration

, 67–69

realignment of political parties in relation to class and race

, 60–62

referendum

, 59

response of left to austerity

, 67

right populism

, 64–66

right populist and conservative party post-Brexit

, 136–138

Brexit Party

, 66

Britain

left populism and/or progressive revival

, 138–140

popular power

, 131–133

populism in

, 131

populism in Early Nineteenth-century England

, 133–136

radical democracy

, 140–142

right and left populism in Britain

, 136–138

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)

, 35, 38–39

British General Election 2017

, 71–72

British General Election 2019

, 60–61, 71–72, 137

British immigration and Asylum Law, changes in

, 69

Brooks, Rayshard

, 90–91

Brown, Gordon

, 76–77

Bryan, William, Jennings

, 81

Bulgaria

, 108–109

Bullock Report

, 156

Bureaucracy

, 94–95

Burke, Edmund

, 4–5

Burnett, Jon

, 61, 63–64

Bush, George

, 53, 93

Butler, Judith

, 32–33

Calhoun, Craig

, 19–20, 131–133

Caliphate

, 115–116

Cambridge Analytica

, 39–40

Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology (CDS)

, 17

Cameron, David

, 24–25, 42, 133

Capitalism

, 46, 48, 175–176

Capitol (United States (attack on)

, 101–102

Carney, Mark

, 163

Casaleggio, Gianroberto

, 27

Catholic Religion

, 8, 123–124

Cecil, Nicholas

, 170–171

Celebrities/’Celebs’

, 17–18

Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies

, 115

Central Bank of the United States (‘The Fed’)

, 96

Central European University

, 124

Centre for Cultural Studies

, 115

Chain of equivalence

, 22–23

Chakrabortty, Aditya

, 153

Charisma/charismatic leaders

, 24, 29–30

Charlie Hebdo (attack on)

, 114–115

Chartists

, 134

Chávez, Hugo

, 20–21

Child Poverty Action

, 151–152

China (Republic of)

, 18

Chirac, Jacques

, 111–112

Citizens assemblies

, 2–3, 9, 139–140

Irish

, 155–156

Citizens UK

, 154

Civic university

, 154

Civil disobedience

, 107, 177

Civil rights

, 47, 73–74

Civil Rights Movement

, 84–85, 90–91

Civil service

, 28, 41, 124–125

Civil society

, 151–155

Climate Assembly (UK)

, 164

Climate change

, 150

competition and conflict

, 160–162

and Covid-19

, 160–166

global problems need global solutions

, 165

Green Parties and social movements

, 162–163

local level and global perspective

, 166

small individual acts

, 162

state and international institutional response

, 163–165

Clinton, Hillary

, 96

Cohen, Michael

, 95–96

Cold War, ix

, 44

Collective action

, 5, 31, 125

Collective will concept

, 22

Colston, Edward

, 91–92

Commodity (data)

, 39–40

Communication

, 35–36

Communications revolution

, 18

Community

, 26, 88, 169

activism

, 139–140, 169

advantages of community participation

, 150–151

awareness

, 147–148

development

, 148–150

power

, 147–151

Conflict theory

, 160–161

Conservatism

, 4–5

Conservative Party

, 156–157

Conspicuous confusion

, 33

Conspicuous consumption

, 33

Constitution

American constitution

, 81, 103–104

British constitution

, 155–158

Construction of people

, 23, 139

Contemporary populism protest

, 135–136

Cooper, Ryan

, 95

Coote, Anna

, 158

Corbyn, Jeremy

, 29, 71–72, 157–158

factor in Brexit 2016 and General Elections of 2017 and 2019

, 71–72

Cosmopolitan democracy

, 75

Cosmopolitan global institutionalisation

, 77

Cosmopolitan liberalism

, 1–2, 175–176

COVAX

, 106

Covid-19 (corona pandemic)

, 1, 147, 159

and comparative government

effectiveness

, 165

and democracy

, 166

and equality

, 166

and governance

, 167–169

and technology

, 159–160

Cox, Jo

, 115

Creativity

, 174–175

Crouch, C.

, 2–3, 6–7

Cruz, Ted

, 105

Cullors, Patrisse

, 90–91

Cultural hegemony

, 32–34

Cultural separatism

, 121–122

Culture wars

, 32–40

continuation of

, 40–41

effects and influence of social media

, 37–38

hegemonic elites and mass participants

, 36–37

new battles

, 35–36

power, politics and media

, 38–40

technological revolution, social media and cultural hegemony

, 32–34

Cummings, Dominic

, 41, 159–160

Cutts, David

, 60

Danish People’s Party

, 108, 118

Davies, William dealignment (of party support)

, 77–78

De-industrialisation

, 65–66

Declaration of Independence (USA)

, 81–82

Definitions

local

, 1–2

national

, 1–2

power

, 1

transnational

, 6

Democracy. See also Radical democracy

, 1–2, 46, 48, 146–147, 166, 175–176, 179

grass roots

, 167–169

types of

, 132

Democratic deficit

, 30–31

Democratic equality

, 175–176

Democratic liberalism

, 175–176

Democratic Party (USA)

, 25

Democratic reform

, 2–3

Democratic socialism

, 10, 55–56, 131

Denmark

, 68–69, 108, 118, 129

Di Maio, Luigi

, 27

Di Muzio, Tim

, 6–7

Diani, Mario

, 139

Dictatorship

, 146–147

Diggers (The)

, 47–48

Digital technology

, 175

Direct democracy

, 27–28

Dis-embedding (of markets)

, 51

Discourse theory

, 32–33

Discursive approach

, 32–33

Discursive-performative approach

, 32–33

Dorling, Danny

, 40

Double movement

, 51

Doughnut Economics

, 166

Draca, Mirco

, 45, 63–64

Dual consciousness

, 34

Dublin Regulation

, 112–113

Duda, Andrzej (President of Poland)

, 125

Dunin-Wasowicz, Roch

, 65, 68–69

Dutschke, Rudi

, 24

Eastern Europe, authoritarian populism in

, 123–125

Eatwell, Roger

, 12–13, 27–28, 59, 79, 85, 89, 99–100

Economic Research and Action Project (ERAP)

, 88

Economist, The

, 129

Education

and experiential learning

, 180

and participation

, 179–180

Education Policy Institute (Report on educational inequality)

, 171

Eldridge, John

, 38–39

Elite in populist theory

, 6–7

Elite/Mass Analysis of American Society

, 86–87

Emancipative values

, 49

Empire and globalisation

, 176–177

Enclosure (movement)

, 19–20

Encounter (journal)

, 88–89

English Defence League (EDL)

, 45, 61

Enlightenment

, 46, 48, 50

Environmental movement

, 138–139

Environmental pollution

, 12, 160

Equality

, 166

Errejón, Inigo

, 127

Ethics

, 148–150

Ethnicity

, 7–8

Ethno-traditional nationalism

, 110

Europe

alternative approach to multiculturalism

, 121–123

authoritarian populism in Eastern Europe

, 123–125

causes of Europe’s right/left divide

, 109–112

consequences of empire

, 112–117

expansion and member tensions

, 117–120

immigration, multiculturalism and refugee crisis of 2015

, 120–121

Left Populism

, 125–128

post-second World War openness to immigration into

, 111–112

responsibility for consequences of empire

, 116–117

shift to right

, 107–109

social democratic predicament in

, 128–129

European Central Bank

, 119–120, 126

European Commission

, 119, 123, 126

European Court of Justice

, 124, 136

European Union (EU)

, 24–25, 59

EU Covid-19 Recovery Fund

, 119–120

Extinction Generation (EG)

, 5

Extinction Rebellion (ER)

, 5, 26, 162–163, 177

Facebook, Apple, Amazon, Netflix, Google (FAANGs)

, 119, 147

Facebook

, 39–40

Fanon, Franz

, 91–92

Far Right/Left. See also Extremism

, 12–13

Farage, Nigel

, 11, 24–25, 111–112, 136–137

Fascism

, 9–10

Feminism

, 5, 88–89, 125, 138–139

Fenton, Ted

, 170–171

Feudal(ism)

, 48

Fidesz Party (Hungary)

, 123

Financial crisis (2007–2008)

, 62–63, 109–110

Finland

, 108, 117–118, 129

Five Star Movement (M5S)

, 27

Flat-pack democracy

, 169

Flinders, Mathew

, 17–18

Floyd, George

, 62, 90–91, 116

Fortuyn, Pim

, 120

four freedoms (EU)

, 66

Fox News

, 41

France

, 46, 111–112, 118–119, 133

Freedland, Jonathan

, 77–78

Freedom of speech

, 103–104

Daines, Steve

, 104

Freedom Party (Austria)

, 12–13, 26–27

French Revolution

, 46

Friedman, Milton

, 52, 141–142

Friedman. Rose

, 52, 141–142

Frome

, 169

Front National (NF)

, 111–112

Fukuyama, Francis– 61

, 43, 60

Fuller, Gary

, 160–161

Funding (Community work)

, 148–150

Gambrel, P. A.

, 184

Gasset Ortego y

, 30–31

Gates, Bill

, 6

Gathering crisis of liberalism

, 44–46

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

, 93

General will concept

, 22

Gerbaudo, Paulo

, 26, 28, 56–57, 85–86, 155

Ghetto life

, 120–121

Giddens, Anthony

, 4, 76–77, 121–122

Gitlin, Todd

, 89–90, 144

Giuliani, Rudy

, 101–102

Global warming

, 77–78, 101, 160

Globalisation

, 6, 34, 52

empire and

, 176–177

Glorious Revolution (1688)

, 46–47

Golden Dawn

, 12–13, 88–89, 112–113

Goodhart, David

, 77–79, 112–113

Goodman, Paul

, 151

Goodwin, Fred

, 62–63

Goodwin, Matthew

, 12–13, 27–28, 59–61, 70–75, 79, 85, 89, 99–100

Gove, Michael

, 36

Gramsci, Antonio

, 34, 101, 125

Grassroots democracy

, 1, 133, 144, 146

Great Depression

, 30–31

Great Recession

, 13–14, 44, 59, 62–63, 109–110, 144

Greece, left populism in

, 125–128

Greek debt crisis

, 119–120

Green Party

, 120–121, 162–163

Greenpeace

, 67

Grigio, Beppe

, 27

Hagendoorm, Louk

, 120

Harris, John

, 169

Harvey, David

, 13, 53, 62–63

Hate crimes

, 115

Hayek, Friedrich

, 4, 52, 62–63, 141–142

Health

, 51

and consumption

, 163–164

Hegemonic elites

, 36–37

Hegemony

, 4

definitions

, 34

Held, David

, 75

Hill, Joe

, 56

Hobbes, Thomas

, 47

Hoggart, Richard

, 35

Hong Kong

, 18

Horizontal democracy

, 29, 144, 146–147

Hostile environment

, 108–109

House of Lords

, 140–141, 155–156

Howker, Ed (and Shiv Malik)

, 7

Human equality

, 178

Human factor

, 159–160

Human hyper-competitiveness

, 162

Human rights

, 46, 48, 157, 175

evolution

, 47–48

Human well-being

, 173–174

Hungary, authoritarian populism in

, 123–125

Hyper-masculine cultures

, 6

Identity concepts

, 5–7

Ideologies

, 10

Iglesias, Paulo

, 28, 32, 126–128

Illiberalism

, 28, 57, 123–124

Immigration

, 7–8, 63–64, 117, 123, 178–179

Britain

, 44

Europe

, 112–117

left and right populist

interpretations of

, 67–69

legal status

, 117–118

and nationalism

, 11

United States

, 44

Impeachments (of President Trump)

, 102–103

Imperialism

, 110

Indignados

, 126–127

Inequality

, 48

Covid-19 and

, 169–171

Inman, Philip

, 71

Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR)

, 169–170

Institutional democracy

, 146–147

Interculturalism. See also Multiculturalism

, 121–123

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

, 67

International Non-Government Organisations (INGOs)

, 67

Iraq

immigration

, 45

war

, 121

Islam

and France

, 111–112

and Holland

, 108

and Trump

, 115–116

Islamophobia

, 7, 45, 59, 115

Italy (populism in)

, 36–37, 109

Jackson, Andrew

, 82–83

Jacobs, Paul

, 87–88

Jefferson, Thomas

, 82, 104–105, 175–176

Johnson, Boris

, 10, 35–36, 137, 159–160

Jones, Bryn

, 23, 139–140, 176

Jones, Kate

, 164–165

Jospin, Lionel

, 111–112

Judis, John

, 13, 85

Kaczynski, Jaroslaw

, 124–125

Kaltwasser, Christóbal

, 22–23

Kaufman, Eric

, 25, 61, 65, 73, 78, 110

Keynes, Maynard

, 51, 53

King, Martin Luther

, 91

Klein, Naomi

, 180–181

La Republique en March

, 56

Labour movement

, 5

Labour Party

, 11–12, 23, 53, 56, 62, 107–108, 133, 139–140, 157–158, 162–163

Laclau, Ernesto

, 20–21, 32, 34

Landau, Saul

, 87–88, 90–91

Latin America

, 45–46

Law and Justice Party (PiS, Poland)

, 123–125

Le Pen, Jean-Marie

, 111–112

Le Pen, Marine

, 118–119

Leadership and representation

, 29–30

Leave campaign

, 59, 66

Left populism

, 11

and/or progressive revival

, 138–140

in Britain

, 136–138

charisma conundrum

, 29–30

and variations

, 24–32

Left populist interpretations of immigration

, 67–69

Left-modernists

, 75–76

Lega Nord (Northern League)

, 27

Levellers (The)

, 47–48

Levelling up

, 54–55, 169, 171

LGBTQ movement

, 88–89, 125

LGBTU movement/s

, 5

Liberal cultural values

, 49

Liberal democracy

, 1, 175–176

Liberal hegemony, crisis of

concepts in relation to themes and

questions

, 4–8

themes and questions

, 3

youth as agent of progressive change

, 14–15

Liberal Party, xi

, 50–51

Liberal revolution

, 46–47

Liberal social democracy

, 52, 55, 163

Liberal values

, 49

Liberalism. See also Cosmopolitan liberalism; Neoliberalism; Populism; Progressive liberalism

, 4, 43, 175–176

in 1989

, 43–44

conservative critique of ‘ultra’ left and right

, 53–55

enlightenment

, 48–50

evolution of human rights

, 47–48

gathering crisis, post-1989

, 44–46

new wealth challenges traditional authority

, 46–47

progressive liberalism and neoliberalism

, 50–52

progressives by other names

, 52–55

relationship to other ideologies and political parties

, 8–13

roots of

, 46–48

uncompleted ‘enlightenment’

, 49–50

Lieven, Anatol

, 164–165

Lincoln, Abraham

, 44, 82

Lipset, Seymour Martin

, 82, 88

Local initiatives in participation

, 152–155

Locke, John

, 47

Long, Huey

, 84

Lord Evans of Weardale (on Austerity)

, 137

Lynd, Staughton

, 82

MacMillan, Harold

, 53

Macron, Emmanuel

, 56

Madoff, Bernie

, 62–63

Maduro, Nicolas

, 25–26

Major, J.

, 14

Malik, Shiv (and Ed Howker)

, 7

Manafort, Paul

, 39–40

Mandelson, Peter

, 41

Marcuse, Herbert

, 87

Marliére, Philippe

, 107–108

Marshall, Thomas

, 47, 132, 141–142, 156–157

Martini, 112

Marx

, 31, 160–161

Marxism

, 160–161

Maslow, Abraham

, 49, 182–183

Mass (the)

, 9–10

Mass participants

, 36–37

Mass society (theory)

, 86

May, Theresa

, 108–109

Mayo, Marjorie

, 147–148

McCain, John

, 25

McConnell, Mitch

, 102–103

McGrew, Anthony

, 75

McLuhan, Marshall

, 35

McQuarrie, Michael

, 73

Media

, 38–40

Merkel, Angela

, 121

Meyer, David

, 25, 93

Micklethwait, John

, 159–160, 167

Middle American radicals (MARs)

, 85

Migrants. See also Refugees

, 67, 69, 108–109, 118–119

Miliband, Ralph

, 78–79

Miller, Jacob

, 32–33

Mills, Charles Wright

, 86–87, 147–148

Miles, J.

, 156–157

Mixed Race

, 178

Moffitt, Benjamin

, 32–33

Momentum

, 24–25, 157

Monism

, 88–90

Moria migration camp (Greece)

, 121

Morison

, 82

Mouffe, Chantal

, 20, 22, 138–140

Movement (1960s)

, 85–86

Movement of the Squares

, 26, 28, 67, 85–86

Mudde, Cas

, 20–21, 88, 135, 177

Mueller, Robert

, 39–40, 97

Müller, Jan-Werner

, 22–23, 29–30

Multicultural interaction

, 178–179

Multiculturalism. See also Interculturalism

, 120–121

alternative approach to

, 121–123

Murdoch, Rupert

, 41

Murray, Douglas

, 111–113

Museveni, Yoweri

, 102

Narodniks

, 19–20

National Front (now National Rally) (France)

, 12–13

National government

, 2, 141–142

National Guard (USA)

, 98

National populism

, 27–28, 58–59

Nationalism

, 4–5, 108–109

ethno-traditional nationalism

, 110

Neill, Andrew

, 41

Neo-fascism

, 3

Neoliberalism

, 50, 52, 77, 175–176

concept origins

, 4

definitions

, 5–7

influence within political spectrum

, 13

rise of neoliberalism and

globalisation

, 52

Netherlands

, 68–69, 120

New Deal

, 84

New Economics Foundation (NEF)

, 158

New Labour

, 144

New Left

, 75–76, 85–86, 88–89

Newcastle Institute for Social Renewal

, 154

Non-Government Organisations (NGOs)

, 67

Non-violent protest

, 161–162

North Atlantic Free Trade Association (NAFTA)

, 93

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

, 45, 114–115

Northern Ireland

, 138

Norway

, 68–69, 108

Norwegian Progress Party (FrP)

, 111–112

O’Donnell, Mike

, 7, 28, 144, 147, 157, 176

Obama, Barrack

, 25, 32, 73, 93–94, 125

Occupy movement

, 19–20, 89–90

Oligarchy

, 146–147

Oltermann, Philip

, 162–163

One nation conservatism

, 54–55, 60–61, 66

Orbán, Victor

, 20–21, 28, 123–124

Organic intellectuals

, 34

Osborne, George

, 66

Owen, Robert

, 134

Pact of Free Cities (Visegrad mayors)

, 125

Paine, Tom

, 133–134

Palin, Sarah

, 28, 94

Paris Accord on Climate Change

, 106

Parker, Martin

, 159, 168

Parliamentarians (English Civil War)

, 46–47

Participation

education for

, 179–180

local initiatives in

, 152–155

Participatory budgeting (PB)

, 156

Participatory democracy, xi

, 2, 41–42, 56–57, 147, 151

Party for Freedom (Holland)

, 64–65

Patel, Priti

, 69

Peasantry

, 19–20, 48–49, 51

Peer Learning Network

, 150–151

People (the) in populist theory

, 19–20

People’s Party (Austria)

, 26–27

Performativity

, 22, 32–33

Perot, Ross

, 92–93

Pidd, Helen

, 169–171

Piketty, Thomas

, 6, 48, 55

Pinker, Stephen

, 49–50

Planetary wellbeing

, 160, 173–174

Plato (on governance)

, 167–168

Pleyers, Geoffrey

, 67, 77, 144

Pluralism

, 9, 22–23, 32–33, 35–36, 40

Pluralist

, 22–24

Plymouth

, 152, 154, 169

Podemos

, 126–128

Poland, authoritarian populism in

, 123–125

Polanyi, Karl

, 51

Polarisation (political)

, 108, 112–117

Political advocacy

, 148

Political ideology

, 8–9

Political liberalism

, 49

Political spectrum

neoliberalism’s influence within

, 13

populism in

, 9–12

Politics, power and media

, 38–40

Poll tax (1381)

, 133

Populism. See also Liberalism

, 1, 4–5, 7, 17, 19–20, 24, 83–84, 177, 179

authoritarian

, 49–50

in Britain

, 131

continuation of culture wars

, 40–41

cultural populism

, 17

definitions

, 4–5

in early nineteenth-century

England

, 133–136

in Eastern Europe

, 6

general will or collective will

, 22

ideology debate

, 20–22

left populism

, 24–32

national populism

, 28

people vs. elite

, 19–20

pluralist or anti-pluralist

, 22–24

populist cultural trend

, 32–40

radical right in relation to populism

, 12–13

relationship to other ideologies and political parties

, 8–13

right populism

, 24–32

in Western Europe

, 26

Populist cultural trend

, 32–40

Populist culture

, 17–18

Populist development stages

, 31–32, 135

Populist parties in alliance with

mainstream parties

, 26–27

Populist Party (USA)

, 81

Populist zeitgeist

, 81–83

Port Huron Statement (PHS)

, 87

Porto Alegre

, 10–11, 143, 156

Post-marxist

, 21–22

Post-second World War openness to immigration into Europe

, 111–112

Postman Neil

, 35

Poststructuralism

, 19–20

Poverty

, 8–9, 40, 62, 182

Power

, 38–40

and community

, 147–151

elite power

, 21–22

redistribution of

, 19–20

for use

, 19–20

Precariat (the)

, 6–7

definition

, 6–7

Presidential Election

of 2016

, 96–98

of 2020

, 98–101

Preston model

, 153, 169

Priestly, James

, 133

Progressive

, 131

Progressive Alliance

, 56–57, 138–139

Progressive liberalism

, x, xi, 4, 50–51, 55, 58, 70

Proportional representation

, 12, 126, 155–156

Pryce, Richard

, 133

Raab, Earl

, 88

Race Relations Acts

, 63

Racialism

, 7–8

Racism

, 104–105

anti-racism

, 88–89

definition

, 7–8

Radical democracy

, xi, 2–3, 143, 146–147, 183–184

a fourth phase of citizenship?

, 140–142

advantages of community participation

, 150–151

approach

, 23

burgeoning of

, 143–147

civil society and social renewal

, 151–155

community at national and transnational levels

, 151

community awareness and activism

, 147–148

community development, funding and ethics

, 148–150

community power and participatory democracy

, 147–151

definitions

, 1–2

institutionalisation of

, 113–114

local initiatives in participation

, 152–155

representation to participation

, 143–147

social renewal to national participatory democratic reform

, 155–158

Radical democratic citizenship

, 21–22, 140, 142

Radical democratisation of power

, 2

Radicalism

, 134

Rawnsley, Andrew

, 102

Raworth, Kate

, 166

Reagan, Ronald

, 13, 53, 73–74, 85

Realignment (Party)

, 60–62

Realism, failing

, 181–183

Realistic Utopia

, 181–183

Recession

, 7, 44, 62, 65, 107–108, 111, 144

Recognition

, 121–122

Red Wall

, 60–61, 70, 72, 74, 137

Red Wall Vote

, 14, 72

Referendum

, 69–70

Refugee crisis (2015)

, 120–121

Refugees. See also Asylum seekers

, 45, 121

Regulation (economic)

, 50

Reich, Charles

, 89

Reith, John

, 38–39, 41–42

Remain campaign

, 40, 59

Representative democracy

, 2–3, 134, 145–146

Republican Party (USA)

, 11–12, 60–61, 73–74, 105

Revelli, Marco

, 177

Right populism

, 1–2, 11, 64, 66

in Britain

, 136–138

and variations

, 24–32

Right populist interpretations of immigration

, 67–69

Right-wing populist movements

, 28

Risk society

, 174

Romania

, 108–109

Roosevelt, Franklin D.

, 83

Roosevelt, Theodore

, 83

Roper Center

, 97

Rossen, Johnny

, 82

Roszac, Theodore

, 89

Royal Bank of Scotland

, 62–63

Runciman, David

, 44

Rust Belt Vote

, 40, 61, 70, 73

Safi , Michael

, 160–161

Salvini, Matteo

, 27, 120–121

Sandbrook, Dominic

, 75–76

Sanders, Bernie

, 25–26, 77, 95, 98

Santelli, Rick

, 93

Scandinavian social democracy

, 129

Science

, 8, 49

Scottish independence

, 154

Self-actualization

, 49

Senate (USA Congress)

, 97, 103, 141, 155

Seymour, Richard

, 37–38

Shays rebellion

, 82

Silicon Valley

, 33–34

Slavery

, 91–92, 104–105, 114, 116

Small individual acts

, 162

Sniderman, Paul

, 120

Snyder, Timothy

, 102–103

Social Chapter (EU)

, 119

Social democracy

, 8–9, 23, 55–56, 141–142, 162–163

in Europe

, 52

Social Democratic Party (Germany)

, 107–108, 120–121, 162–163

Social democratic predicament

in Europe

, 128–129

Social inequality

, 6, 11, 49, 51

Social justice

, 15, 62, 183

Social media

, 32–34

effects and influence of

, 37–38

regulation

, 103–104

Social movements

, 5, 85, 92, 143, 147

Green Parties and

, 162–163

Social renewal

, 151–155

to national participatory democratic reform

, 155–158

Social stratification

, 5–7

Socialism

, 10–11, 26, 133

Socialist Workers Party of Spain (PSOE)

, 11

Solberg, Erna

, 111–112

Southern populists and progressive centre

, 83–85

Charles Wright Mills

, 86–87

(early) American New Left

, 87–88

George Wallace

, 84–85

Huey Long

, 84

monism’ as description of neo/populism

, 88–90

Soviet Union

, 43

Soyinka, Wole

, 102

Spain, left populism in

, 125–128

Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE)

, 11, 127

Spectacular act

, 32–33

Spivey, William

, 90–91

Standing, G.

, 6–7

Starmer, Keir

, 11–12, 23, 157–158

State (The)

, 4

Stengel, Frank

, 12–13, 17–18

Stereotype/stereotyping

, 7, 68–69, 75–76

Stiglitz, Joseph

, 54

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

, 87–88

Sturgeon, Nicola

, 138

Superstructure (in Marxist theory)

, 40

Supreme Court (USA)

, 65

Survival

, 173–174

Sweden

, 108, 120–121, 129

Swiss People’s Party (SVP)

, 111–112

Symbols (meanings of)

, 91–92

Syria

, 111–112, 115–116, 123

Syriza

, 126

Tamames Jorge

, 127–128

Tax Havens

, 119

Taylor, Charles

, 121–122

Tea Party Movement

, 25, 28, 93, 95

Technological revolution

, 32–34

Technology

, 174–175

Thatcher, Margaret

, 13

The American Mind (journal)

, 104–105, 124

The people (in populism)

, 19–20

The Power Elite (1956)

, 6–7, 86

Third sector

, 2, 139–140, 149–150

Third Way (The)

, 13, 76–77

Thunberg, Greta

, 162

Timothy, Nick

, 53, 55, 132, 164

Totalitarianism

, 22, 46, 88–89, 177

Trade unions

, 20–21, 78–79

Transnational corporations

, 52, 95–96, 141–142

Treaty of Maastricht (1992)

, 118

Treaty of Paris (1951)

, 118

Treaty of Rome (1957)

, 118

Troika (The)

, 126

Troubled-Asset Relief Scheme (TARPs)

, 94

Trump, Donald

, 1–2, 11, 17–18, 35–36, 95, 98

attack on capitol attempted coup

, 102–103

divisiveness of Trump and Brexit comparison

, 104–105

Eatwell and Goodwin’s, and Kaufmann’s Anti-cosmopolitanism

, 75–78

factors associated with Brexit and election of

, 60–69

frustrations and anxieties behind Brexit and Trump Votes 2016

, 72–75

interpretations of Brexit and Trump’s 2016 Election Win

, 72–78

precursors of

, 92–95

Presidential Election of 2016

, 96–98

stormng of capitol by Trump supporters and global impact

, 101–105

suspension from Twitter and freedom of speech

, 103–104

Trumpism

, 11–12, 40, 95, 102–103, 105

Trzaskowski, Rafal (Mayor of Warsaw)

, 125

Tsipras, Alexis

, 126–128

Turkey

, 112–113, 120

Twitter

, 36, 38, 103–104

UK Uncut

, 28, 144

Ukraine

, 36–37, 160–161

Ultra-liberalism

, 53–54

Umbrella movement

, 18

United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP)

, 12–13, 24–25, 61

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

, 161

United States of America

, 1, 44, 55–56, 104–105, 178–179

Universal basic income (UBI)

, 2, 149, 175

Unleadership

, 168–169

Van Dyke, Nella

, 25, 93–94

Varoufakis, Yanis

, 126, 182

Veblen, Thorstein

, 33

Venezuela

, 30

Vidal, John

, 164–165

Visegrad Group (VG)

, 123

Voluntary organisations

, 45, 149–150, 169–170

Vote Leave campaign

, 59–60

Wallace, George

, 84–85

Warren, Donald

, 85, 96

Weaponisation of water

, 160–161

Welfare state

, 131, 158, 164

White supremacy

, 73–74, 84–85, 178

White-Anglo-Saxon-Protestants (WASPs)

, 73–74

Whitty, Chris

, 170–171

Wilders, Geert

, 64–65, 120

Williams, Raymond

, 35, 48–49, 131

Wilson, Woodrow

, 83

Wine, Bobi

, 102

Winlow, Simon

, 45, 61

Wodak, Ruth

, 17–18

Wokes

, 36

Wokism

, 38

Wooldridge, Adrian

, 159–160, 167

Work

, 174–175

and leisure

, 174–175

Working class (the)

, 15, 79, 137, 158, 174, 178, 183

the labour metaphysic

, 78–79

World Bank (WB)

, 67

World Health Organisation (WHO)

, 106, 169

World Trade Centre (Attack on)

, 114

World Trade Organisation (WTO)

, 67, 70

Wright, Olin

, 10–11

Wylie, Christopher

, 39–40

Xenophobia

, 66, 110

Youth (the young)

, 14–15, 99, 180–181

Zeitgeist

, 82

Ziblatt, Daniel

, 44