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Expert briefing
Publication date: 25 February 2022

The sanctions amount to a middle-of-the-road approach: leaders agreed to keep Russia in the SWIFT payment system and avoid targeting Russian energy exports. They will not cause…

Expert briefing
Publication date: 15 July 2019

Sanctions are triggered under the Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) by Turkey’s acquisition of two Russian S-400 air defence systems. Russia began…

Expert briefing
Publication date: 4 September 2020

However, it has sometimes combined a very confrontational public relationship, including public attacks on an international institution, with a much more cooperative private…

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