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Expert briefing
Publication date: 11 March 2024
This has sparked the growth of ethnic Zarma self-defence militias, known locally as ‘zankai’. These militias reflect broader communal self-defence efforts, often arising because…
Expert briefing
Publication date: 22 November 2023
Kidal has served as the political capital of various northern armed groups since 2012. Its capture follows the August outbreak of hostilities between the ruling junta and the…
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