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Illegal gold mining and trading
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB251141
ISSN: 2633-304X
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More recently, this has involved widely publicised claims that Russia is skirting international sanctions by using African gold from mines seized by proxy forces to help finance…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB286368
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Geographic
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Ranked 184th out of 189 countries in the UN’s 2019 Human Development Index, Mali faces long-standing economic and development challenges. In addition, the north and east of the…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB250836
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Mali’s economy has suffered a double blow in recent months from ECOWAS sanctions and the COVID-19 pandemic, amidst political turbulence and ongoing insecurity. The country ranks…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB256911
ISSN: 2633-304X
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With populations growing by 3-4% annually, physical infrastructure requires significant expansion. Mobile telephony has been a major success, but there is much to be done to…