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Expert briefing
Publication date: 23 September 2022

Flows resumed within days, but the sudden cut-off -- ascribed to overdue transit payments -- highlights Central Europe’s dependence on Russian oil imports and the difficulty of…

Expert briefing
Publication date: 17 February 2023

Russia’s war in neighbouring Ukraine has prompted EU member-states, and the Visegrad Four (V4: Czechia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia) in particular, to rethink their own…

Expert briefing
Publication date: 8 August 2022

Energy exports have been Russia’s potent weapon against Europe since the Ukraine war began. When NS1 closed for maintenance in July, fears mounted that flows would not resume…

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Expert briefing (3)
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