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The completion of residential housing units reached a post-Soviet record of 110 million square metres. This strong expansion in construction activity was demand-led, stimulated by…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB286017
ISSN: 2633-304X
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However, although output has grown, a tight labour market and persistent inflation have created new problems. The reorientation of trade away from Europe has resulted in a…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB285374
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Astana's aspirations to reach 2 million b/d have been set back by difficulties in raising output at major fields. Government efforts to diversify the economy away from…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB284546
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Numerous domestic and external shocks have rocked the macroeconomic environment in recent years, aggravating high inflation and chronic foreign exchange (forex) shortages…
Price hikes for petrol, electricity, water and gas are among several adjustment measures that will drive up living costs, compounding already high inflation. Meanwhile…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB285006
ISSN: 2633-304X
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However, since the August primaries his goal has shifted to winning the elections, or at reaching a run-off, prompting expansionary policies aiming to improve households’…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB282141
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Putin won 87% of the vote on 74% turnout, surpassing the 68% seen in 2018. Communist candidate Nikolai Kharitonov came second with just under 4%. Scattered opposition protests and…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB285886
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Geographic
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That followed a primary surplus equivalent to 0.5% of GDP in 2022. The negative result in 2023 was partly caused by exceptional circumstances, notably the early payment of…