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Expert briefing
Publication date: 28 December 2022

Far-reaching law-making powers have been delegated to governments throughout Europe, which have engaged in unprecedented levels of public spending; the urgency posed by the…

Expert briefing
Publication date: 8 August 2022

Energy exports have been Russia’s potent weapon against Europe since the Ukraine war began. When NS1 closed for maintenance in July, fears mounted that flows would not resume…

Expert briefing
Publication date: 23 September 2022

Flows resumed within days, but the sudden cut-off -- ascribed to overdue transit payments -- highlights Central Europe’s dependence on Russian oil imports and the difficulty of…

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Expert briefing (3)
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