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UKRAINE: US encourages Kyiv to curb refinery attacks
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-ES286346
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Energy ties, already deep, have expanded since 2022 as part of a broader reorientation of Russian commerce away from the West. The similarly authoritarian leadership styles of…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB286445
ISSN: 2633-304X
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UKRAINE: US urges restraint in refinery campaign
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-ES286030
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Tokayev has also criticised regional officials for relying excessively on budgetary funding and not doing enough to attract private capital. However, structural economic and…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB285674
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Modestly increased gas exports to China have offset only a fraction of the lost business in Europe. The United States last year imposed sanctions on the flagship Arctic-2 LNG…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB284845
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Vietnam is Russia’s closest partner in South-east Asia and has refused to criticise Moscow over the Ukraine war. Between 2000 and 2022, Russia accounted for more than 80% of…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB284520
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Astana's aspirations to reach 2 million b/d have been set back by difficulties in raising output at major fields. Government efforts to diversify the economy away from…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB284546
ISSN: 2633-304X
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KAZAKHSTAN: Astana will avoid taking sides
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-ES283282
ISSN: 2633-304X
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China has provided low-key economic support for Russia so far, but overt military support for Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has not been forthcoming. Beijing has also resisted…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB282676
ISSN: 2633-304X
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The four Visegrad (V4) countries -- Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia and Poland -- have built up gas stocks to prepare for the winter. Once the EU states most dependent on Russian gas…