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RUSSIA: New EU sanctions will look to the future
Tbilisi has authorised flights by two smaller Russian airlines, exacerbating fears of the potential for sanctions evasion. That follows the easing of Russia’s visa regime for…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB279752
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Ukraine had been a significant grain exporter, much of it to poor countries, accounting for about 10% of world trade. The invasion stopped that. In July 2022, Turkey and the UN…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB280736
ISSN: 2633-304X
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In June 2022, Russia booked almost twice the revenue (USD20.4bn) from such exports. Declining oil income poses a serious challenge to the administration of President Vladimir…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB280900
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Russia has lost almost all its customers in Europe, which bought 48% of its crude exports by volume last year. To compensate, it has been sending more crude to Asian markets in…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB274825
ISSN: 2633-304X
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A series of Black Sea connectivity projects is a promising development for both the South Caucasus and the EU. Georgian electricity exports could play a part in reducing European…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB278298
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Geographic
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Russia has spent the last year choking commercial shipping's access to Ukraine's Mariupol and Berdyansk ports on the Sea of Azov. As Russia increases its naval power in the Black…