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Expert briefing
Publication date: 7 February 2024

This follows years of the region being regarded as of peripheral interest to Brussels. Nonetheless, relations have not always been smooth.

Expert briefing
Publication date: 18 July 2023

Chinese President Xi Jinping addressed the opening ceremony by video link, hailing the “irresistible” trend towards multipolarity and economic globalisation. The forum discussed…

Expert briefing
Publication date: 30 November 2023

During his meeting with his Kazakh counterpart Kassym-Jomart Tokayev in Astana, Putin called the two countries “not just allies, but very close allies”. A month earlier, Putin had…

Executive summary
Publication date: 14 July 2023

IRAN: Global South ties will strengthen

Expert briefing
Publication date: 18 January 2024

Astana's aspirations to reach 2 million b/d have been set back by difficulties in raising output at major fields. Government efforts to diversify the economy away from…

Expert briefing
Publication date: 4 October 2023

Fostering closer trade and financial ties with countries outside the West is essential if Russia is to improve its economic security and enhance its sovereignty. For Moscow it is…

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