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The sanctions amount to a middle-of-the-road approach: leaders agreed to keep Russia in the SWIFT payment system and avoid targeting Russian energy exports. They will not cause…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB267573
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Overall, some 30% of the budget will involve climate-related spending. One of the key reforms concerns the EU’s own resources mechanism to finance spending, with plans to…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB255114
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Structural challenges to EU foreign policy.
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB244776
ISSN: 2633-304X
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The treaty includes joint commitments to improving human rights and gender equality. Perhaps more notably, it also implicitly crystallises the EU’s commitment to implementation of…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB261250
ISSN: 2633-304X
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This has been manifested across a number of policy areas including sanctions, immigration and the export of arms. However, maintaining such unity will become more challenging as…