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The Russo-Turkish intergovernmental TurkStream agreement.
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB214432
ISSN: 2633-304X
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In June 2022, Russia booked almost twice the revenue (USD20.4bn) from such exports. Declining oil income poses a serious challenge to the administration of President Vladimir…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB280900
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Geographic
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Armenian foreign policy under new management.
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB241890
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Geographic
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The decision to restart the TurkStream natural gas pipeline from Russia to Turkey.
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB213164
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Geographic
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Most of Russia’s hydrocarbon export revenues are generated from oil now that gas sales have collapsed. Ambitious state spending plans are based on oil revenues rising this year…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB284811
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Geographic
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This is Russia’s drastic response to most developed states’ economic sanctions following the invasion of Ukraine. It means a new geography of foreign trade that will not only…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB278226
ISSN: 2633-304X
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US sanctions have been a blunt instrument, but the threat of re-escalation comes at a moment of vulnerability for Venezuela. The US intervention could have counterproductive…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB273028
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Any cut in gas supplies or spike in fuel prices would seriously affect Erdogan and his party at the polls, while failure to complete his flagship nuclear plant would be a serious…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB273636
ISSN: 2633-304X
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The KRG has had difficulty making payments to IOCs owing to a serious shortfall in fiscal revenue in 2014-15, the result of disputes with Baghdad and falling oil prices. Salaries…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB207699
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Strong household demand, now restored to pre-war levels, mitigated the impact on GDP of falling exports last year. The consumer market is profoundly changed, with new brands from…