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This paper aims to explore the mechanism and boundary conditions of authoritarian leadership that influence employee innovation behavior (EIB) in Chinese culture based on the leader–member exchange theory and state–trait theory.

The authors used Mplus and SPSS to test the proposed model with data from 286 leader–employee dyads in Chinese companies. In this study, questionnaires were collected through commission and field investigation.

The results indicate that authoritarian leadership can positively influence perceived insider status and EIB within a certain range in Chinese organizational culture, although this is counterintuitive. In addition, perceived insider status has a high level of explanatory power on EIB and can mediate the relationship between authoritarian leadership and EIB. Furthermore, proactive personality can moderate the positive influence of authoritarian leadership on perceived insider status.

Innovation management is inseparable from the specific organizational cultural context. This paper argues that the relationship between authoritarian leadership and EIB in the context of organizational culture in China may differ from that in the west. This study constructs a unique research model and offers new insights into when and how EIB can be influenced by authoritarian leadership.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the knock combustion characteristics, including the combustion pressure, heat release rate (HRR) and knock intensity of aviation kerosene fuel, that is, Rocket Propellant 3 (RP-3), on a port-injected two-stoke spark ignition (SI) engine.

Experimental investigation using a bench test and the statistical analysis of data to reflect the knock combustion characteristics of the two-stroke SI unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) engine on RP-3 kerosene fuel.

Under the full load condition of 4,000 rpm, at the ignition timing of 25 degree of crank angle (°CA) before top dead centre (BTDC), the knock combustion is sensitive to the thinner mixture; therefore, the knock begins to occur when the excess air ratio is larger than 1.0. When the excess air ratio is set as 1.2, the knock obviously appears with the highest knock intensity. At the excess air ratio of 1.2, better engine performance is obtained at the ignition timing range of 20-30 °CA BTDC. However, the ignition timing at 30° CA BTDC significantly increases the peak combustion pressure and knock intensity with the advancing heat release process.

Gasoline has a low flash point, a high-saturated vapour pressure and relatively high volatility, and it is a potential hazard near a naked flame at room temperature, which can create significant security risks for its storage, transport and use. The authors adopt a low-volatility single RP-3 kerosene fuel for all vehicles and equipment to minimise the number of different devices using various fuels and improve the military application safety.

Most two-stroke SI UAV engines for military applications burn gasoline. A kerosene-based fuel for stable engine operation can be achieved because the knock combustion can be effectively suppressed through the combined adjustment of the fuel amount and spark timing.

The purpose of this paper is to compare the combustion characteristics, including the combustion pressure, heat release rate (HRR), coefficient of variation (COV) of indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), flame development period and combustion duration, of aviation kerosene fuel, namely, rocket propellant 3 (RP-3), and gasoline on a two-stoke spark ignition engine.

This paper is an experimental investigation using a bench test to reflect the combustion performance of two-stroke spark ignition unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) engine on gasoline and RP-3 fuel.

Under low load conditions, the combustion performance and HRR of burning RP-3 fuel were shown to be worse than those of gasoline. Under high load conditions, the average IMEP and the COV of IMEP of burning RP-3 fuel were close to those of gasoline. The difference in the flame development period between gasoline and RP-3 fuel was similar.

Gasoline fuel has a low flash point, high-saturated vapour pressure and relatively high volatility and is a potential hazard near a naked flame at room temperature, which can create significant security risks for its storage, transport and use. Adopting a low volatility single RP-3 fuel of covering all vehicles and equipment to minimize the number of different devices with the use of a various fuels and improve the application safeties.

Most two-stroke spark ignition UAV engines continue to combust gasoline. A kerosene-based fuel operation can be applied to achieve a single-fuel policy.

As social commerce migrates to the mobile platform, mobile social commerce (ms–commerce), an emerging way of conducting social commerce in the mobile environment, is gaining popularity among mobile users. Although impulse buying in social commerce has been the focus of scholars in recent years, individuals' impulse-buying behavior in ms–commerce has not been highlighted and therefore is worth investigating. This study addressed that gap by differentiating and monitoring the impacts that three key targets of social identification in ms–commerce exerted on impulse buying. Furthermore, previous studies had highlighted the importance of culture in impulse buying in other contexts, so the authors examined how the effects of the key identification targets differed across cultures, as a result of cultural diversity among the ms–commerce users. Finally, the authors drew upon the lens of information technology (IT) affordances to explore how different combinations of ms–commerce affordances influenced each target of identification.

This research first applied a qualitative methodology by using semi-structured interviews with 27 ms–commerce users to extract the relevant subdimensions of IT affordances in ms–commerce. Then, the authors tested their hypotheses with survey data collected from the United States and China.

The results clearly illustrate that three key targets of social identification had varying impacts on impulse buying in different cultural dimensions. In addition, nearly all of the proposed IT affordances in ms–commerce aided users in building multiple identifications, to various degrees.

This study extends social commerce research by examining the important role that social identification plays in impulse buying in the mobile environment. Moreover, unlike previous studies that mainly had focused on ordinary buying in social commerce across cultures, this study investigated the relative importance of the targets of social identification on impulse buying in different espoused cultural dimensions. Importantly, the authors used a technology affordance lens to also uncover the context-specific stimulators of separate identification targets, thus going beyond the existing body of knowledge that focused on general beliefs.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the synergism effect between lanthanum salt (La(NO₃)₃) and benzotriazole (BTAH) on the corrosion inhibition of commercial brass and to further study the inhibition mechanism.

Potentiodynamic polarization curves were carried out on bare brass and brass treated with additions of optimum concentration of BTAH, La salt and La salt+BTAH to the basal deposition solutions in 3.5 wt. percent sodium chloride solution. The inhibition mechanism of the composite conversion coatings on brass obtained in optimal deposition techniques were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and FT‐IR reflection spectra.

A “Critical La(NO₃)₃ content” and “Critical BTAH content” were both observed, at which the coatings prepared performs the highest protectiveness, and La(NO₃)₃ and BTAH had an excellent synergism effect on the corrosion inhibition of brass. The corrosion mechanisms for uncoated and coated brass are different. A remarkable enhancement of the brass's corrosion protection was obtained by the formation of composite conversion coatings consisted of Cu(I)BTA and La coordinate thing except for Cu₂O and La₂O₃, which acted as a barrier avoiding the release of metal ions and inhibited the diffusion of the oxygen.

The results from this paper showed that La(NO₃)₃ and BTAH could be used together to prepare the novel composited conversion coatings on commercial brass for the good corrosion inhibition.

Unlike traditional industries, the e-cigarette is an epoch-making innovative product originating in China and occupying an absolute competitive advantage in the international market. The traditional A-U model describes the laws and characteristics of technological innovation in developed countries. In contrast, the inverse A-U model depicts the process of “secondary innovation” in late-developing countries through digestion and absorption. This paper aims to find out that if the e-cigarette, as a “first innovation” industry in a late-developing country, conform to the A-U model or conform to the “inverse A-U model”.

This paper takes the patent data of e-cigarettes from 2004 to 2021 as the research object, and uses Python’s Jieba segment words to divide product innovation and process innovation, and then uses statistical analysis methods to conduct empirical analyses on these data.

Thus, an improved A-U model suitable for the e-cigarette industry is proposed. In this model, product innovation in the e-cigarette industry appeared earlier than process innovation, but the synchronous development of product and process innovation is not lagging. The improved A-U model in the e-cigarette industry is not only different from the traditional A-U model but also does not conform to the inverse A-U model.

It is conducive to expanding and clarifying the theoretical contribution and applicable boundaries of the A-U model and has sparked thinking and exploration of the A-U model in e-cigarettes and emerging industries.

On this basis, suggestions on the development path and countermeasures of the e-cigarette industry are put forward.

Based on the e-cigarette industry, this paper takes patents as the research object and provides the method of dividing product innovation and process innovation, and proposes an A-U model suitable for the e-cigarette industry on this basis. By comparing the traditional A-U model with the inverse A-U model in latecomer countries, the background and causes of e-cigarette A-U model heterogeneity are analyzed from different stages and overall morphology. Based on this, the heterogeneity characteristics of e-cigarette innovation are summarized and sorted out.

Wangjing is a large residential cluster located at the intersection of the Fourth Ring Road and the airport expressway in the northeast part of Beijing. The area is a “suburb” according to official statistics and academic accounts, which often classify urban areas beyond the historical old city as suburbs. Due to its proximity to the airport and major expressways, Wangjing has developed quickly since the late 1990s. As more high-rise luxury apartment buildings get built, the area's population has reached 150,000 as of 2010, including more than 30,000 foreign expatriates living here amid Chinese urban professionals. Across the airport expressway from Wangjing is the 798 Factory, a hip arts quarter developed within a former electronics factory built in the 1950s. Looking for large studio space, a few artists moved into the Bauhaus-style workshops here in the late 1990s, and quickly bookstores, coffee shops, and galleries followed suit. By 2005, the 798 Factory had become the center of the contemporary Chinese art scene and home to many prestigious international galleries. Outside the factory compound is a working-class neighborhood developed in the 1950s to house workers at the nearby factories and their families. The living conditions here have not changed much for decades, with some families still sharing common kitchens and bathrooms with their neighbors in dilapidated apartment buildings. To the west side of Wangjing, after about a 15-minute drive along the Fourth Ring Road, one reaches the Olympic Park, a brand-new area of parks, stadiums, five-star hotels, golf courses, and exclusive gated communities of villas – all developed in the short period before the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Beyond the Fifth Ring Road, one can see many “urban villages,” former agricultural villages that have become populated by migrant workers with low-paid jobs – taxi drivers, construction workers, waiters, nannies, security guards, and street vendors. Unable to afford to live in the central city, migrant workers rent rooms from local peasants at the city's edge. Many of these villages are to be demolished soon to make space for commercial property development, and the migrant worker tenants will have to move to another village farther away from the city.

This study aims to analyze Chinese and Western visitors’ on‐line reviews of Shenzhen under five dimensions: catering, accommodation, transportation, travel and shopping.

This study used a multidimensional discourse analysis to assess visitors’ experience, perception and emotional evaluations of Shenzhen in reviews on TripAdvisor.com.

The findings suggest that both Chinese and Western visitors show positive perceptions of Shenzhen’s transportation convenience and options and show great interest in folk culture. Both groups focus on shopping, service and price but believe that the prices in Shenzhen are high.

The classification of reviews highlights tourism elements in Shenzhen, which can offer implications for destination image formation for similar destinations.

This study offers suggestions on how to build an appealing destination that meets both Chinese and Western tourists’ needs.

This study enriches the theory of tourism image perception of Shenzhen as it relates to language and culture.

This study offers implications on building an appealing destination that meets Chinese and Western tourists’ expectations.

深圳目的地形象感知：基于中西方游客在线评论的话语分析

摘要

本研究从餐饮、住宿、交通、旅游、购物五个维度分析中西方游客对深圳的评价。

本研究采用多维语篇分析来评估访问者对深圳的体验、感知和情感评价。

调查结果表明, 中国和西方游客对深圳的交通便利和选择都表现出积极的看法, 并对民俗文化表现出浓厚的兴趣。两组都关注购物、服务和价格, 但认为深圳的物价偏高。

评论的分类突出了深圳的旅游元素，可以为相似目的地形象的构建提供启示。

本研究丰富了深圳旅游形象感知与语言相关的理论。它为建设一个满足中国和西方游客期望的吸引人的目的地提供了启示。

旅游目的地形象, 话语分析, 深圳, 多维话语分析, 中西方游客

文章类型： 研究型论文

This chapter examines the changing state–university–student relationships in post/socialist China since the late 1980s. We begin with an introduction to four salient themes in scholarship on Chinese post/socialism that are highly relevant to higher education: globalization, gradualism, civic society, and a critique of holism. These themes help us explain interrelated educational trends that affect the state–university–student relationship: the globalization, “massification,” and stratification of higher education; the redefined role of the state in university governance and management; higher education marketization and privatization; and the quest for meaning and (e)quality in and through higher education. Our general argument is that during the “socialist” period the main relationship central to higher learning was between the state and students. Universities were agents of the state; from a legal point of view, indeed, universities did not have an independent status from the state. In the “post-socialist” era the university–student relationship has become more significant. We examine this reconfiguration through two case studies, one on the development of college student grievance and rights consciousness, and the other on reforms in higher education student services administration. When looked at from the point of view of the state, we see that appropriation and implementation of policies and regulations shaping student rights and services are in partial contradiction with state policies to accelerate economic growth and bolster party authority. From the point of view of universities, we see institutions grappling with how to deliver on forward-looking structures and actions while navigating between the state's policy mandates and growing expectations and demands of its student and business stakeholders. From the point of view of students, we see how constrained agency, uncertainty, and the power of the credential motivates social praxis. At all levels of the state–institution–student relationship actors are employing a kind of pragmatic improvisation (one of the salient features of post/socialism) captured by the well-known Chinese proverb “groping for stones to cross the river.” This saying is an apt metaphor for the tentative searching by state, institution, and individual for a safe foothold in the post/socialist world.

The purpose of this study is to reduce the cracks, pores and unfused defects in arc welding, improve the crystalline structure of the weld, refine its grains and improve the mechanical properties.

Taking E690 marine steel as the research object, the experiment adopts a new process method of laser forging coupled arc welding. Welding for comparative experiments. Experiments show that the “V”-shaped groove arc welding process has a larger fusion area, but has pores, the arc current is 168 A, the arc voltage is 28 V and the welding speed is 600 mm/min.

It can be seen from tensile tests that the coupling welding process has the highest tensile strength and yield strength, 872 MPa and 692 MPa, respectively, and the fracture elongation is 29.29%. The single-beam laser forging coupled arc welding process has a distance of laser and wire of 6–8 mm, a laser wavelength of 1,064 nm and the highest weld fusion ratio. The microhardness test shows that the average hardness of single-beam laser forging in the weld zone is 487.54 HV, which is 10.30% higher than that of arc welding. The average hardness in the fusion zone is 788.08 HV, which is 14.52% higher than that of the arc welding process.

The originality of the experiment: proposed a new process method of coupling arc repair for offshore steel forging; adopted a new process method of simultaneous coupling of single-beam short-pulse laser, double-beam short-pulse laser and arc welding; and obtained effect of pulsed laser and arc composite repair on porosity and fusion of E690 marine steel welds.