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The main purpose of this paper is to examine the status of poverty and its reduction by following the inclusive development approach. This study is designed to examine the benefits obtained from development programs, assess the government’s commitment to alleviating social inequality, and its impacts on the redistribution of wealth and poverty reduction.

To evaluate the implementation of the various development schemes and enhance grass-roots participation, a survey was carried out on 540 households, selected through multistage stratified sampling techniques in three different states of Punjab. The study employed an exploratory factor analysis on 21 independent variables to identify the key factors influencing poverty reduction subsequently followed by the binary logistic regression to access the sectoral impact of inclusiveness on poverty reduction in Punjab.

Exploratory Factor analysis extracted six key factors from the selected 21 variables, also called statements: “'Housing Development Resources”; “Human Capital Variables”; “Livelihood Essentials”, “Medical and Family Welfare Benefits”; “Receiving Educational Benefits”; and Social Security Benefits’. Binary logistic regression revealed that Housing Development Resources, Human Capital Variables, and Receiving Educational Facilities, significantly predict the likelihood of poverty reduction with inclusive growth in Punjab.

To provide basic amenities to rural people, increased people’s participation, decentralized planning, extended irrigation facilities, improved equipped facilities, and improved cultivation techniques are pivotal. The Indian Government has implemented several programs and projects to develop and support rural households. However, these schemes have faced many challenges such as rigidity, non-adaptability to local conditions, late disbursements of funds, reallocation of funds to unrelated expenditures by some states, embezzlement, and bribery demands. Hence, the findings indicate the presence of pseudo-inclusivity in Punjab’s growth.

The study’s uniqueness lies in its focus on selected districts of Punjab and also its application of exploratory factor analysis and binary logistic regression to construct a statistical model from the selected variables.

This paper aims to investigate the direct and combined impacts of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and conservative orientation (CO) on perceived business performance (PBP) of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) under strategic-hybrid orientation (SHO) theory.

The data collected from the SABI NEO international database has 90 companies in 13 medium-to-high and high-tech activity sectors. The authors used partial least squares structural equation modelling to test the research model.

Business strategies match a SHO that includes both orientations, i.e. EO and CO. Moreover, as expected, the authors found evidence that each orientation produces performance-related sign-opposite significant impacts. Finally, the hypothesis regarding the positive synergistic effect of both orientations (EO and CO) on PBP was also supported.

One stems from the study’s cross-sectional nature, requiring a longitudinal approach. Another one resides in the absence of further examinations concerning multigroup analysis. Another restraint is the limitedness of data, focused on firms with med/high-tech intensity. For last, while the use of results in the initial stages of theory development can be beneficial, it is important to note that such results cannot be simply extrapolated or generalized to other industrial sectors without careful consideration of the contextual factors at play.

This study humbly endeavours to contribute to the finality of SMEs’ more steady and prosperous existence concerning the consciousness of the need to improve labour stability and wage fairness, conditions such as requiring a continuous commitment.

In this study, the authors aimed to investigate the impact of SHO on SMEs’ PBP. To this end, the authors simultaneously used two different strategic orientations (SOs): EO, which is widely studied in the literature, and CO, which has been less researched. The authors also examined their synergistic effects on PBP. The authors’ approach is based on Venkatraman’s strategic orientation of business enterprises model and the comparative paradigm of SOs.