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Throughout Europe there is an ever‐increasing number of properties or areas protected due to their cultural heritage interest. This results in obligations for owners (duties to maintain, keep in good repair, etc.). However, it is generally accepted that laws and policies must provide positive incentives as well as the negative controls in order to successfully preserve and use this heritage. In the UK there is now a well‐developed system of grant aid and a few fiscal measures but demand for assistance outweighs supply. In Ireland a limited amount of financial support measures have recently been provided. Looking further afield, this study examines the need for developing specific measures according to European policy and identifies practice in European Union countries and North America in relation to grant assistance, loans, fiscal and compensation measures. A second paper will examine economic arguments and methods of combining support to sustain the built heritage.

This paper develops the issue of funding from a first paper “Conservation finance 1: support for historic buildings”), which highlighted specific measures in use including direct grant aid, low‐interest loans, fiscal relief, tax credits, the transference of development rights with associated funding measures and compensation schemes. Further consideration is given to other avenues for raising finance in support of the built heritage from public and also other sources as a part of the process of developing integrated conservation strategies (such as via foundations, lotteries, revolving funds and non‐profit organisations, combining methods of financing for individual properties including for housing rehabilitation and through area‐based schemes). Taken together, the two papers examine different approaches to funding the built heritage by reference to practice in western Europe and North America.

Firms and their executives need to recognize the political complexity of accountability demands, so that they are prepared by training to recognize the signs of change, analyze the strength of the forces behind various and often competing demands, and devise a response that is not only responsive to valid and strongly supported demands, but consistent with their organization's mission and ethic of responsibility toward broader publics and the public‐spirited values that we should all share. This paper aims to investigate these issues

The paper identifies seven types of accountability mechanisms and considers their applicability to multinational corporations.

The paper finds that, to be able to respond quickly and effectively, firms need to be linked institutionally with advocacy groups as well as other firms, so that they get information about demands in a timely fashion and are able to communicate with the relevant actors to devise responses.

The paper gives an overview about different types of accountability in global governance and discusses how firms could face the challenges of complex accountability demands.

VI.—OUT‐STATIONS IT has already been pointed out that the engineering maintenance department is a minor factor to the major factor of flying operations and, therefore, for maximum overall efficiency it may be necessary to run the engineering side of the work on a basis of over‐suitability. Admitting this state, it becomes expedient to arrange the work so that as little as possible is done by the more inefficient, i.e. the more over‐suitable, sections. Inefficiencies of the kind which will occur in the organization envisaged are caused principally by the necessity for rendering good service under conditions of peak load, and this entails the availability of labour and equipment in excess of normal requirements. This is particularly so at stations on the routes where aircraft stop for traffic and carry on according to a published schedule. The work done at such stations is principally refuelling, re‐oiling and perhaps some attention to cabin conditions. The personnel, however, must be prepared, and able, to attend to any complaint made by the pilot, or to do a daily inspection overnight with whatever preventative maintenance that may entail. In the case of larger aircraft, assistance may be rendered by the flight mechanic, though this assistance should not be counted upon to too great an extent, as the mechanic's flight duties may be heavy on that day or the next, and his alacrity should not be compromised by work which may demand his mental or physical labours during what should be his rest period.

Maintaining an adequate nutritional state, important at all times, is never more so than during the dark days of Winter. The body reserves are then taxed in varying degrees of severity by sudden downward plunges of the thermometer, days when there is no sight of the sun, lashing rains and cold winds, ice, frost, snow, gales and blizzards. The body processes must be maintained against these onslaughts of nature — body temperatures, resistance against infections, a state of well‐being with all systems operating and an ability to “take it”. A sufficient and well balanced diet is vital to all this, most would say, the primarily significant factor. The National Food Surveys do not demonstrate any insufficiency in the national diet in terms of energy values, intake of vitamins, minerals and nutrients, but statistics can be fallacious amd misleading. NFS statistics are no indication of quality of food, its sufficiency for physiological purposes and to meet the economic stresses of the times. The intake of staple foods — bread, milk, butter, meat, &c., — have been slowly declining for years, as their prices rise higher and higher. If the Government had foreseen the massive unemployment problem, it is doubtful if they would have crippled the highly commendable School Meals Service. To have continued this — school milk, school dinners — even with the financial help it would have required would be seen as a “Supplementary Benefit” much better than the uncontrolled cash flow of social security. Child nutrition must be suffering. Stand outside a school at lunch‐time and watch the stream of children trailing along to the “Chippie” for a handfull of chip potatoes; even making a “meal” on an ice lollie.

This paper intends to explore the relationship between participants' eye fixations (a measure of attention) and durations (a measure of concentration) on areas of interest within a range of online articles and their levels of information discernment (a sub-process of information literacy characterising how participants make judgements about information).

Eye-tracking equipment was used as a proxy measure for reading behaviour by recording eye-fixations, dwell times and regressions in males aged 18–24 (n = 48). Participants' level of information discernment was determined using a quantitative questionnaire.

Data indicates a relationship between participants' level of information discernment and their viewing behaviours within the articles' area of interest. Those who score highly on an information discernment questionnaire tended to interrogate the online article in a structured and linear way. Those with high-level information discernment are more likely to pay attention to an article's textual and graphical information than those exhibiting low-level information discernment. Conversely, participants with low-level information discernment indicated a lack of curiosity by not interrogating the entire article. They were unsystematic in their saccadic movements spending significantly longer viewing irrelevant areas.

The most profound consequence is that those with low-level information discernment, through a lack of curiosity in particular, could base their health, workplace, political or everyday decisions on sub-optimal engagement with and comprehension of information or misinformation (such as fake news).

Ground-breaking analysis of the relationship between a persons' self-reported level of information literacy (information discernment specifically) and objective measures of reading behaviour.