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May 22, 1973 Industrial Relations — Unfair dismissal — Jurisdiction — Employee dismissed — Four employees at termination of employment — Three employed for more than 13 weeks — Fourth employed for less than 13 weeks — Whether less than four employees “who” had been continuously employed — Industrial Relations Act, 1971(c.72), s.27( l )(a).

This article has been withdrawn as it was published elsewhere and accidentally duplicated. The original article can be seen here: 10.1108/eb025849. When citing the article, please cite: Richard Alexander, (1998), “Do the UKʼs Provisions for Confiscation Orders Breach the European Convention on Human Rights?”, Journal of Financial Crime, Vol. 5 Iss: 4, pp. 374 - 381.

Public school educators are confronted daily with myriad issues that demand unique knowledge of not only educational processes, but of political and financial ones as well. Among the most important of these issues are the social and moral responsibilities to educate children with disabilities. During the late 1960s and 1970s, the nation experienced a new sensitivity to human rights as well as an increased awareness of the indignities suffered as a result of discrimination and the denial of rights of persons with disabilities. Of late, the mood of the people and the national leadership has appeared to turn somewhat away from the abiding interest in human rights; nonetheless, the recognition of rights continues, as they have emanated from federal Constitutional interpretations and statutes. Both sources of rights constitute a persistent reflection of civil and cultural advancements of significant proportions. Thus, rights have become vested by action of government, and the public schools have been, in large part, the vehicle for ensuring the realization of these rights. School administrators, by virtue of their public responsibilities, have been the advance guard in effectively achieving and implementing these rights. Children with disabilities have posed a particular educational challenge because remediation of disabilities was intensely personal and many times unique to the individual child. Thus, of necessity, the educational responses and procedures were correspondingly singular and in most cases very complex, requiring a substantial commitment of public school financial resources. It goes without saying that the right to an appropriate education remains a hollow promise without provision of adequate and continuing public support.

In the United States, a child with a disability is vested with the statutory right to a free appropriate public education. Public school districts fulfill this right with an individualized education program designed to address the educational needs of the child. As with all governmental programs designed to extend positive benefits, statutory rights to a free appropriate public education come with attendant and commensurate costs that must be paid by the taxpayer. Rights have costs, and while the rights may be absolute, the remedy to a rights deficiency is subject to political processes. To borrow from Ronald Dworkin’s famous aphorism, costs and politics ultimately trump the right to a free appropriate public education.

The Council Directive on prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering was passed on 10th June, 1991, and the anti money laundering legislation of the Member States of the European Union (EU) is now largely based on it. It had its origins in the growing awareness from the mid‐1980s onwards that money laundering was an international problem and therefore international action was needed if it was to be combated effectively. This had led to the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, adopted in 1988 and generally referred to as the Vienna Convention, and the Council of Europe Convention on the laundering, tracing, seizure and confiscation of the proceeds of crime, drawn up in 1990 and generally referred to as the Strasbourg Convention. Both the Vienna and the Strasbourg Conventions are explicitly referred to in the Preamble to the Directive. Other activity had included a study by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), which published its report, with recommendations in 1991. That said, certain countries had already taken some action against money laundering: in the UK for example, the laundering of the proceeds of drug trafficking had been a criminal offence, carrying up to 14 years' imprisonment, since 1986.