Search results

The purpose of this paper is to test for and model non‐linearities in option price deviations from the Black Scholes (BS) model in FTSE 100 index options over the time period 1997‐2006.

The economic specification and estimation methodology is outlined, the data are discussed, and the empirical results are analysed.

The tests reject the linearity hypothesis and the paper shows that the exponential smooth transition autoregressive model is capable of capturing the non‐linear behaviour of option price misalignments. The paper finds that even though FTSE 100 index options are heavily traded, transaction costs prevent rapid adjustments of option prices from their “optimal” value.

The paper presents new empirical evidence, which explicitly allows for the possibility that option price misalignments from the BS price can be characterised by a non‐linear mean reverting process.

This study investigates the deviation from put-call parity in the KOSPI200 options market. The sample period is from January 2, 2006 to May 31, 2009. Due to the financial crisis in 2008, short sale of stocks had been prohibited from October 1, 2008 to May 31, 2009. The sample is divided into the pre-crisis period and the crisis period. The crisis period is the period during which short sale of stocks are prohibited. The summary statistics shows that the trading volume of KOSPI200 stocks doubled, but the trading volume of call options and that of put options declined to one half and one third from the pre-crisis period to the crisis period, respectively. The equation which relates the deviation of futures price to the deviation of put-call parity is derived and the deviation from put-call parity is analyzed by using two stage least square. This paper looks into not only the prior 60 day return's momentum effect, but also the intraday spot return's momentum effect. Evidence indicates that the intraday momentum does exist in options and stock prices. Empirical results show that the prior 60 day return's momentum effect is statistically insignificant during the pre-crisis period, but statistically significant during the crisis period whereas the intraday return's momentum effect is strongly significant for both of the periods. This result lends support to the argument that the deviation of futures price from its theoretical price is a component of the deviation from put-call parity. The sign and significance of the regression coefficient for momentum effects are consistent with Kim and Park (2011) and Kim (2012) again lending support to the validity of their regression equation. Overall, our results are consistent with the validity of the derived equation, Kim and Park (2011) and Kim (2013)’s rationale.

The KOSPI 200 options at its initial stage generated a significant number of violations in no-arbitrage conditions which involve both options and the underlying index. However, when the arbitrage conditions are formed independent of the underlying index, the average size of violation is not large and few arbitrage opportunities exist. There are more frequent violations on near-maturity days, with in-the-money options and larger violation sizes during opening and closing hours. The arbitrage opportunities remain intact even after realistic transaction costs are taken into account and index futures prices are used instead of the stock index in an alternative specification.

This study examines put-call-futures parity in KOSPI 200 index futures and options markets for the sampling period between January of 2011 and December of 2013 in order to investigate whether option multiplier increasing affects on the arbitragee efficiency of an index option market and permanent relationship between futures and options markets by analyzing minute by minute historical index option and future intraday trading data.

What we find is that the arbitrage opportunities associated with put-call-futures parity increase to 5.16% from 1.75% after increasing option multiplier. Although there is no significant change of discrepancies in ATM options, a slight decrease of mispricing is found in the moneyness where call option is OTM. It turns out, however, that the arbitrage opportunities increase by 3.4 times in the moneyness below 0.97 or above 1.03, after increasing multiplier. Also ex-ante analysis shows that most of arbitrage opportunities disappear within one minute, but the speed of dissipation becomes to decrease in the moneyness where the liquidity of ITM options declines to be a very low level. Overall our results suggest that the arbitrage efficiency in the KOSPI 200 index option markets might be deteriorated after an increasing of option multiplier.

The paper seeks to examine fair values provided by the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) and reported daily in the Australian Financial Review to determine whether they violate fundamental option relationships.

Values reported in the Australian Financial Review from 4 January 2005 to 31 March 2005 are examined.

The results document that between 1 and 2 per cent violate the most fundamental option relationships, specifically the requirement for call and put option values to increase as term to expiry increases, and for call (put) option values to increase (decrease) as exercise price decreases. Further, the magnitude of these violations is too large to be explained solely by the bid‐ask spread. They are, nevertheless, consistent with staleness. Further, in nearly 30 per cent of cases these fair values violate the basic put‐call parity relationship. The type of these violations is also consistent with these values being stale.

Simple screens should be included to remove fair values that breach the most basic relationships.

The paper is the first to highlight flaws in fair values provided by the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) and reported in the Australian Financial Review.

This study aims to examine the cross-market efficiency of the FTSE/MIB index options contracts traded on the Italian derivatives market (IDEM) during a period including the financial crisis between 1st October 2007 and 31st December 2012 using daily option prices.

Two fundamental no-arbitrage conditions were tested: the lower boundary condition (LBC) and the put–call parity (PCP) condition while taking into account the role of transaction costs in mitigating the number of violations reported. Ex post tests of LBC and PCP revealed a low incidence of mispricing in this market. Furthermore, to check the robustness of the results obtained by the ex post tests, ex ante tests were applied to PCP violations occurring within a one-day lag.

The results showed a significant drop in the number of profitable arbitrage strategies. The findings obtained from all these tests generally support the cross-market efficiency of the Italian index options market during the sample period, though some violations were occasionally reported. Overall, the number and monetary value of the violations reported declined during the post-financial crisis period compared to those during the financial crisis period.

This study can be extended to test the relationships between arbitrage profitability and other factors such as the moneyness (in the money, out of the money, at the money) of options and the maturity of options. Options market efficiency tests can be conducted such as call and put spreads, box spreads and put/call convexities (butterfly spreads).

There are several factors that influenced the decision to test the Italian index options market. First, the limited number of studies conducted on this market. Second, the fact that the two main studies on this market are relatively old, which makes it interesting to test the efficiency of this market with respect to a new set of data, taking into account the introduction of the Euro and the impact of the recent financial crisis on this market and whether the market efficiency hypothesis holds during the period of crisis. Third, it is important to consider the effect of the new rules applied to this market.

Leveraged exchange traded funds (ETFs) have become increasingly popular since their introduction in 2006. In recent years, options on leveraged ETFs have been promoted as a means of enhancing returns and reducing risk. The purpose of this paper is to examine the interchangeability of S & P 500 ETF options with leveraged S & P 500 ETF options and to what extent these options allow investors to manage their risk exposure.

With increasing liquidity for these fund’s options, simple option strategies such as covered calls and protective puts can be implemented. This study derives call-call and put-put parity between options on the underlying index and the associated leveraged ETFs. The paper examines comparative measures of return and risk on the underlying indices, along with covered call and protective put positions.

Using the formulations derived, this study shows options on non-leveraged ETFs or on the underlying index can be substituted for leveraged ETF options. Empirical results suggest substituting options on leveraged ETFs with options on the underlying index or index ETF give comparable results, but can differ as the realized leverage ratio over time differs from projected values.

This study is the first to the authors’ knowledge that investigates option strategies on leveraged and inverse ETFs of equity indices. It is also the first to derive call-call and put-put parity relations between options on ETFs and related leveraged and inverse ETFs. The results contribute to securities issuance, investment strategies, and option parity relations.

The depth and breadth of the market for contingent claims, including exotic options, has expanded dramatically. Regulators have expressed concern regarding the risks of exotics to the financial system, due to the difficulty of hedging these instruments. Recent literature focuses on the difficulties in hedging exotic options, e.g., liquidity risk and other violations of the standard Black‐Scholes model. This article provides insight into hedging problems associated with exotic options: 1) hedging in discrete versus continuous time, 2) transaction costs, 3) stochastic volatility, and 4) non‐constant correlation. The author applies simulation analysis of these problems to a variety of exotics, including Asian options, barrier options, look‐back options, and quanto options.