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Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) models often perform poorly in shock/turbulence interaction regions, resulting in excessive wall heat load and incorrect representation of the separation length in shockwave/turbulent boundary layer interactions. The authors suggest that this can be traced back to inadequate numerical treatment of the inviscid fluxes. The purpose of this study is an extension to the well-known Harten, Lax, van Leer, Einfeldt (HLLE) Riemann solver to overcome this issue.

It explicitly takes into account the broadening of waves due to the averaging procedure, which adds numerical dissipation and reduces excessive turbulence production across shocks. The scheme is derived based on the HLLE equations, and it is tested against three numerical experiments.

Sod’s shock tube case shows that the scheme succeeds in reducing turbulence amplification across shocks. A shock-free turbulent flat plate boundary layer indicates that smooth flow at moderate turbulence intensity is largely unaffected by the scheme. A shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction case with higher turbulence intensity shows that the added numerical dissipation can, however, impair the wall heat flux distribution.

The proposed scheme is motivated by implicit large eddy simulations that use numerical dissipation as subgrid-scale model. Introducing physical aspects of turbulence into the numerical treatment for RANS simulations is a novel approach.

This study aims to solve the problem of high output voltage fluctuation and low efficiency caused by the misalignment of the magnetic coupling structure in the wireless charging system for electric vehicles. To address these issues, this paper proposes a dual LCC-S wireless power transfer (WPT) system based on the double-D double-layer quadrature (DDDQ) coil, which can realize the anti-misalignment constant voltage output of the system.

First, this paper establishes the equivalent circuit of a WPT system based on dual LCC-S compensation topology and analyzes its constant-voltage output characteristics and the relationship between system transmission efficiency and coupling coefficient. 1. Quadruple D (Ahmad et al., 2019) and double-D quadrature pad (DDQP) (Chen et al., 2019) coils have good anti-misalignment in the transverse and longitudinal directions, but the magnetic induction intensity in the center of the coils is weak, making it difficult for the receiving coil to effectively couple to the magnetic field energy. 2. Based on the double-D quadrature (DDQ) structure coil that can eliminate the mutual inductance between coupling coils and cross-coupling, Gong et al. (2022a) proposed a parameter optimized LCC-LC series-parallel hybrid topology circuit, which ensures that the output current fluctuation is controlled within 5% only when the system is misaligned within the 50% range along the X direction, achieving constant current output with anti-misalignment. The magnetic coupling structure’s finite element simulation model is established to analyze the change in magnetic induction intensity and the system’s anti-misalignment characteristics when the coil offsets along the x and y axes. Finally, an experimental prototype is developed to verify the constant voltage output performance and anti-misalignment performance of the system, and the proposed anti-misalignment system is compared with the systems in existing literature, highlighting the advantages of this design.

The experimental results show that the system can achieve a constant voltage output of 48V under a time-varying load, and the output voltage fluctuates within ±5% of the set value within the range of ±60 mm lateral misalignment and ±72 mm longitudinal misalignment.

Based on the dual LCC-S WPT system, the mutual inductance between the same side coils is reduced by adding decoupling coils, and the anti-misalignment characteristics and output power of the system are improved in a certain range. It is aimed at improving the stability of the system output and transmission efficiency.