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This report, presented as the keynote paper at Surface Mount International, is the culmination of joint efforts to assess the use of lead in electronics assembly. The study, which is presented in two parts, involved the collaboration of the following participants: B. R. Allenby and J. P. Ciccarelli, AT&T, Basking Ridge, New Jersey; I. Artaki, J. R. Fisher and D. Schoenthaler, AT&T Bell Laboratories, ERC, Princeton, New Jersey; T. A. Carroll, Hughes, El Segundo, California; D. W. Dahringer, Y. Degani, R. S. Freund, T. E. Graedel, A. M. Lyons and J. T. Plewes, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey; C. Gherman and H. Solomon, GE Aerospace, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; C. Melton, Motorola Inc., Schaumburg, Illinois; G. C. Munie, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Indian Hill, Naperville, Illinois; and N. Socolowski, Alpha Metals, Jersey City, New Jersey. Part 1 was published in the previous issue of Circuit World, Vol. 19, No. 2.

The worldwide production and the consumption of CFCs are now controlled through the Montreal Protocol. A meeting in London in June 1990 of the signatories of the Protocol will almost certainly tighten the controls on CFCs and introduce regulations to control other common chlorinated solvents. This paper gives the reasons why worldwide control of emissions of chlorinated substances is necessary, the events that led up to the present controls and the prognosis for future regulations. The properties and uses of the six key chlorinated solvents are discussed. Each industrial solvent‐using sector has a range of options available to implement cutbacks and eventual elimination of chlorinated solvents.

Aims to: familiarize the audience with the potentially serious consequences of exposure to lead and ways of preventing them; facilitate understanding of how massive environmental contamination with lead occurred, and is still happening, with the expectation that this knowledge will be useful in designing strategies to reduce environmental contamination with lead and other toxic substances, in the future; emphasizes the relevance of lead to the subject‐matter of virtually every department in schools of arts and sciences in anticipation that some instructors will incorporate this information into their respective courses to increase their students′ awareness of this topic. Discusses some of the properties and uses of lead and its compounds and then indicates its ubiquitous presence in air, water, soil, dust and food. Considers some effects of exposure to lead and describes some pivotal contributions of various researchers. Explores the role of lead in history, in literature and in art. Briefly surveys occupational exposure to lead in the USA and elsewhere. Describes the reasons for, and consequences of, lead in petrol and in paint. Summarizes an outstanding paper on the topic of values and lead. Finally, based on an examination of a portion of the voluminous literature on lead, offers some opinions on this subject.

Summarizes some of the most relevant toxicological aspects from the UNEP/IRPTC′s Scientific Reviews of Soviet Literature on Toxicity and Hazards of Chemicals, No. 117 Organomercury compounds, Geneva/Moscow 1990, and outlines their uses and environmental fate and pathways in a number of species and matrices. Of special interest are the toxic effects during pregnancy and to nursing mothers and their offsprings. Effects upon farm animals, foodstuffs, building facrics are indicated, together with recommendations for their prohibition. Their persistence in the environment is stressed.

The main occupational safety measure in factories is monitoring workers exposed to various types of contaminations. The main environmental concern of governments about copper industries is emission of dust, metals, metal compounds and volatile organic compounds in air. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the immune system status of workers in a copper concentration factory in Iran by placing the emphasis on oxidative stress biomarkers.

A comparative cross-sectional study was performed on 40 workers of the copper concentration factory and 40 unexposed individuals. White blood cell count, plasma interleukin 2 and 4, oxidative burst of neutrophils, oxidative damages of DNA and RNA, lipid and protein, total antioxidant capacity of plasma, and antioxidant enzymes activities were measured.

A significant decrease in the white blood cell count and interleukin 2 and an increase in the interleukin 4 were observed in the workers and these changes represented the possibility of inflammation and weakening of the immune system. The elevation of oxidative damages, total antioxidant capacity and the activity of antioxidant enzymes are indicative of the change in oxidative stress status.

The oxidative stress induction and immune system changes might be useful biomarkers in screening and surveillance for occupational hazard. More studies are needed to find out the type and the concentration of pollutants and to evaluate the protective effects of natural antioxidants.

Online database revenues up 28% Amidon/Litman, a consulting and research firm out of New Jersey, has released a report that states online revenues for 1988 were $1.03 billion for eight business‐to‐business markets. This represents a 28% growth rate over 1987, according to the report Vertical Information Markets & Company Profiles: A Dance Card. It contains lists of interesting information products and players suitable for acquisition, joint venture and product development.

The function of the National Poisons Information Service is to operate a round‐the‐clock telephone service to the medical profession to provide them with information on the acute toxicity of substances in common use, and to offer advice on treatment of the poisoned patient.

To be or not to be electronic William Shakespeare: The Complete Works, a widely acclaimed, modern spelling publication from Oxford University Press is now available on floppy diskette. All structural information is encoded so that it can be interpreted by the Oxford Concordance Program, a widely used text analysis program. It is aimed specifically at the microcomputer implementation, Micro‐OCP, which is available from Oxford Electronic Publishing. With Micro‐OCP and the Complete Works it is now possible to compile word lists, indexes, and concordances of any of Shakespeare's works with ease.

Compilation of numeric data has been of interest to mankind since ancient times. Collections of astronomic observations permitted the production of systematic calendars for great nations like the Mayans, Egyptians, Babylonians and Jews. Extensive sets of data were available to early navigators and pioneer physicists of medieval times. A well known example of data compilation was the celebrated Alfonsine Tables. The tables were completed in 1252 under the direction of Isaac ben Said and Yehuda ben Moshe Cohen during the rule of Alfonso X. of Castile. For three hundred years this was considered to be the best planetary data collection. Another famous astronomical data compilation was Caroline Herschel's Catalogue of Stars published in 1798. In the last decade there has been an increased need for precise information by government agencies, private industries, the business world and academic institutions. The continuing acknowledgement of the need for quantitative data contributed to the quick development and marketing of many databases that contain numerical and other factual information.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss what a fully sustainable supply chain might look like and the consequences that can be drawn from this view. Also, it develops a practical approach towards sustainability supply chain performance measurement and management. The paper develops an analytical framework for the assessment of approaches for the measurement and management of sustainability performance of supply chains (SPSCs). Little research has been conducted on the issues, existing methods and possible approaches to measure and manage SPSCs.

Literature review and conceptual development of framework.

The paper develops an analytical framework for the assessment of approaches for the measurement and management of SPSCs. Existing approaches discussed in the vein of improving supply chains and increasing recycling are examined in the light of our framework, and areas to extend the research on sustainability performance measurement and management are identified.

Opportunities for extension of research on sustainability performance measurement and management of supply chains are identified.

The framework offers help to managers in their choice of sustainability performance measurement and management approaches.

The paper provides a structured overview of sustainability performance measurement and management literature and approaches to supply chain management. The framework proposed provides a foundation for further research.