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This paper aims to synthesise and characterise N-cyclohexylmethacrylamide (NCMA) monomer which contains thermosensitive group. The characterisation of monomer was performed both theoretically and experimentally.

The monomer was prepared by reacting cyclohexylamine with methacryloyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine at room temperature. The synthesised monomer was characterised by using not only Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Hartree–Fock (HF) with the Gaussian 09 software but also fourier transform infrared (FT–IR), ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.

Both the experimental and the theoretical methods demonstrated that the monomer was successfully synthesised. The vibrational frequencies, the molecular structural geometry, such as optimised geometric bond angles, bond lengths and the Mulliken atomic charges of NCMA were investigated by using DFT/B3LYP and HF methods with the 3-21G* basis set. The experimental results were compared with theoretical values. The results revealed that the calculated frequencies were in good accord with the experimental values. Besides, frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) and molecular electrostatic potential of NCMA were investigated by theoretical calculations at the B3LYP/3–21G* basis set.

Monomer and polymer containing a thermosensitive functional group have attracted great interest from both industrial and academic fields. Their characterisation can provide great opportunities for polymer science by using DFT and HF methods.

The monomer containing a thermosensitive functional group and a various polymer may be prepared by using DFT and HF methods described in this paper. The calculated data are greatly important to provide insight into molecular analysis and then used in technological applications.

Managing diversity requires an understanding of culture. The majority of businesses have realised that competitiveness no longer stems from formal organisational structures but rather from the mindsets, competencies, and functioning of individuals who create, develop, and support the organisation and who frequently come from different cultural backgrounds. Understanding the essence of a culture, its components, variations, and how all these things effect the business and the managerial process is very beneficial for international managers. Businesses in global value chains need cross-cultural management practices to obtain a competitive advantage. Global value chains make it possible to benefit from the comparative advantages of other nations, and without cross-cultural management, these multinational corporations would be unable to carry on with their business operations. Although there are many explanations on global value chains in the literature, there is no study on the effect of different cultures in value chain management and how different cultures can be managed in global value chains.

In this chapter, the definition of the concept of culture, which is comprehensive and crucial in managing differences, will be depicted. Then, the concept of cross-cultural management will be emphasised and what cross-cultural management means and why and to what extent it is important will be explained. In addition, the impact of cross-cultural management in the inclusive global value chain will be discussed, emphasising the value chain analysis, how it emerged, its basic concepts, and its importance in the international context.

As coopetition often characterizes relationships in ecosystems, social factors are particularly important to ensure resilient and reliable relationships, therefore efficient collaboration, and a corresponding outcome. Social factors have so far only been considered as peripheral factors in the ecosystem literature. Thus, this study aims to analyse the current state of literature to provide initial insights into the impact of social factors on value co-creation in supply chain ecosystems.

A structured literature review was conducted. Eleven articles were identified which explicitly examined social factors in the context of supply chain ecosystems.

The findings showed that in current research contributions, especially three social factors are considered crucial for value co-creation within supply chain ecosystems: trust, commitment and mindset. Moreover, researchers focus so far only on positive-affected social factors.

The findings enable ecosystem orchestrators as well as actors to strengthen social factors in supply chain ecosystems. The cultivation and proactive consideration of social factors is crucial for efficient and effective collaboration and has a corollary effect on supply chain ecosystems value co-creation.

This paper extends the limited literature on social factors within supply chain ecosystems, notably from a strategic management perspective. The findings help scholars to understand why social factors do play a crucial role regarding the value co-creation in supply chain ecosystem and how specific social factors influence the overall business outcome. By raising awareness of the importance of social factors for all ecosystem actors, complementary cooperation in the ecosystem improves, which in turn has a positive impact on value co-creation.