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To describe a new substrate for use in surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).

Novel SERS substrates have been produced by the nanometre‐scale patterning of gold surfaces on silicon. This forms photonic crystals which tightly control the physics of the surface enhanced Raman amplification process, producing consistent SERS signals.

It has been shown that these substrates can increase significantly the sensitivity and reproducibility of SERS.

These substrates will allow SERS to be used in critical applications requiring high sensitivity detection of chemical compounds such as security, forensics, healthcare and environmental monitoring.

The conclusion of the Cold War's U.S.‐Soviet superpower rivalry may have ended the threat of a global nuclear military confrontation involving these powers. It did not, however, result in the termination of international regional conflicts or of military threats to U.S. national security. The collapse of a world political and strategic system ostensibly polarized between two ideologically contrasting superpowers has resulted in the emergence of numerous threats to regional and global order.

The effects of catalysts used to promote the reaction of epoxy‐anhydride mixtures was studied by Nuss (77) using a GPC technique. It was demonstrated that when the polymerisation reaction occuring in an identical system was monitored, in the presence of different catalysts, the relationship between the apparent molecular size distribution and the lapsed time of the curing reaction was a function of the catalyst employed.

There is no argument among serious researchers that a mongoloid stock first colonized the New World from Asia. Nor is there controversy about the fact that these continental pioneers used the Bering Land Bridge that then connected the Asian Far East with Alaska.– Gerald F. Shields, et al.American Journal of Genetics (1992)