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The terms ripeness and maturity, when applied to fruit and vegetables, are often difficult to define. They relate to the time at which the commodity is in the appropriate state for harvesting and for eating. Although the extremes of under‐ripeness and over‐ripeness are fairly easily defined, exactly when the ripe state is achieved between these two extremes is to some extent subjective and, in the case of a fruit like the tomato, may depend on the degree of sweetness or acidity an individual may find attractive. In fruit during ripening there is a well coordinated series of changes in the composition of the fruit which lead from the unripe to the ripe condition and which give obvious changes in colour, texture, taste and aroma which are readily perceived by the senses. With vegetables, however, there are no obvious changes of this type and maturity is exceedingly difficult to define. However, there are changes in the chemical and physical structure of vegetables during the maturation period and, although these are of a subtle nature, they can affect the quality of the vegetables as food.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive evaluation of 34 onion genotypes for their antioxidant activity (AOX) content of phenolics, quercetin and pungency to enable selection of the best genotype for later experiments of variety breeding or to be used as a vector in the improvement of well‐established traditional genotype.

A comprehensive screening of 34 onion (red, pink and white) genotypes is carried out in order to determine the variation in phenolics, quercetin and total AOX as potential for breeding for their enhanced levels.

The AOX in red genotype with highest levels of phenolics is roughly three times higher than commercial white genotype. Pungency levels range from 3.12 to 10.48  μmoles pyruvic acid/g. Mean phenolic and quercetin content ranges from 60.1 to 1094.8 mg gallic acid equivalents/kg and 22.0 to 890.5 mg/kg quercetin, respectively. AOX in red genotype (expressed as μmoles trolox/g) ranges from 1.97 to 5.45 and 3.60 to 6.61 in ferric reducing antioxidant power and cupric ion reducing capacity assays, respectively. Selections, Sel‐383, Sel‐397, Sel‐61‐383, and Inbreds, I‐40, I‐80 and Burgundy are potential genotype with high pungency and AOX.

An improvement in breeding effort designed to increase the phenolics, quercetin and total AOX in onions (Allium cepa L.) provides selected material for analysis. Onion genotype and breeding lines with improved AOX are identified that would help breeders produce onions high in health promoting compounds.

The paper attempts to examine onion genotypes using standardized in‐vitro AOX assays.

Statelessness is the worst possible form of violation of fundamental human rights which can lead to improper health systems management and serious adverse health outcomes in children. To address this, the Thai Cabinet introduced the Health Insurance for People with Citizenship Problem (HIPCP) in 2010. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between insurance affiliations and the health status of stateless children insured with the HIPCP. The presence of pneumonia was selected as a proxy for health status. The comparison groups were Thai children insured with the Universal Coverage Scheme (UCS) which was launched in 2002 and the uninsured children of low-skilled migrants in Thailand.

A retrospective study was conducted at four selected district hospitals: Mae Ramat Hospital, Phop Phra Hospital, Tha Song Yang Hospital and Umphang Hospital in Tak Province, located in northwestern Thailand. The study used the medical records of children aged 0-15 years who were admitted to the aforementioned hospitals between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2017. Multivariate logistic regression model was applied with a binary response variable (ever diagnosed with pneumonia: yes/no). Exposure was three types of insurance status (uninsured, HIPCP and UCS) while covariates were age, sex, domicile and year of hospitalization of children.

Of 7,098 hospitalized children between 2013 and 2017, 1,313 were identified with pneumonia. After controlling for key covariates, multivariate results depicted that the odds of pneumonia was 4 per cent higher in stateless children insured with the HIPCP as compared with uninsured children but non-significant (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.040, 95 per cent confidence interval [CI] = [0.526, 2.160], p = 0.916). Similarly, the odds of pneumonia was 10 per cent higher in Thai children insured with the UCS as compared with uninsured children but non-significant (AOR = 1.100, 95 per cent CI = [0.594, 2.180], p = 0.767). The children who were hospitalized in 2017 were 26 per cent more likely to have pneumonia as compared with those who were hospitalized in 2013 with statistical significance (AOR = 1.260, 95 per cent CI = [1.000, 1.580], p = 0.050). Results remained robust after performing sensitivity analyses.

This study suggests that health insurance is not associated with the health status of vulnerable children especially in the presence of multiple health interventions for uninsured and/or undocumented children living along the Thai–Myanmar border area. Further experimental studies are warranted to understand the causal relationship between insurance and health outcomes and to overcome the limitations of this observational study.

This study has discovered that age and domicile of children are independently associated with pneumonia. In comparison with the youngest age group (0-1 year), the older age groups presented a significantly lower odds for pneumonia. The children living in Phop Phra, Tha Song Yang and Umphang districts revealed a reduced risk for pneumonia as compared with children living in Mae Ramat district.

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the acceptability of processed tempeh and the effect of stir-frying on uncooked tempeh composition, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant (AO) activities and the phytic acid (PA) concentration.

Fermentation was performed in the solid-state using soybean (Glycine max) inoculated with Rhizopus oligosporus. The acceptability of tempeh was evaluated by administering a questionnaire. The TPC of uncooked and stir-fried tempeh was examined using Folin-Ciocalteu’s method, and PA was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. AO activities were measured by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and ferric ion reducing/antioxidant power methods. The stir-fried tempeh was more acceptable than other preparations to the panelists.

In comparison with the uncooked tempeh, stir-fried tempeh showed higher fat composition, in addition to decreased levels of minerals, PA and TBARS.

Soy foods are an important source of protein. However, conventional cooking methods could change the chemical properties in soy foods. To avoid additional oil that adds calories, consumers might opt for other cooking methods, such as steaming.

A distinction must be drawn between a dismissal on the one hand, and on the other a repudiation of a contract of employment as a result of a breach of a fundamental term of that contract. When such a repudiation has been accepted by the innocent party then a termination of employment takes place. Such termination does not constitute dismissal (see London v. James Laidlaw & Sons Ltd (1974) IRLR 136 and Gannon v. J. C. Firth (1976) IRLR 415 EAT).

This chapter aims to review evidence of the relationships between dog ownership, dog walking and overall walking and the factors associated with dog walking. It reviews the evidence using a social ecological framework. The chapter finds that dog ownership and dog walking are associated with higher levels of walking. A number of social ecological factors are associated with dog walking. Motivation and social support provided by the dog to walk and a sense of responsibility to walk the dog are associated with higher levels of dog walking. Positive social pressure from family, friends, dog owners and veterinarians is also associated with higher levels of dog walking. Built and policy environmental characteristics influence dog walking, including dog-specific factors such as access to local attractive public open space with dog-supportive features (off-leash, dog waste bags, trash cans, signage), pet-friendly destinations (cafes, transit, workplaces, accommodation) and local laws that support dog walking. Large-scale intervention studies are required to determine the effect of increased dog walking on overall walking levels. Experimental study designs, such as natural and quasi-experiments, are needed to provide stronger evidence for causal associations between the built and policy environments and dog walking. Given the potential of dog walking to increase population-levels of walking, urban, park and recreational planners need to design neighbourhood environments that are supportive of dog walking and other physical activity. Advocacy for dog walking policy-relevant initiatives are needed to support dog walking friendly environments. Health promotion practitioners should make dog walking a key strategy in social marketing campaigns.

Knight's Industrial Law Reports goes into a new style and format as Managerial Law This issue of KILR is restyled Managerial Law and it now appears on a continuous updating basis rather than as a monthly routine affair.

Past work has shown that failure tolerance by principals has the potential to stimulate innovation, but has not examined how this affects which projects principals will start. We demonstrate that failure tolerance has an equilibrium price – in terms of an investor’s required share of equity – that increases in the level of radical innovation. Financiers with investment strategies that tolerate early failure will endogenously choose to fund less radical innovations, while the most radical innovations (for whom the price of failure tolerance is too high) can only be started by investors who are not failure tolerant. Since policies to stimulate innovation must often be set before specific investments in innovative projects are made, this creates a trade-off between a policy that encourages experimentation ex post and the one that funds experimental projects ex ante. In equilibrium, it is possible that all competing financiers choose to offer failure tolerant contracts to attract entrepreneurs, leaving no capital to fund the most radical, experimental projects in the economy. The impact of different innovation policies can help to explain who finances radical innovations, and when and where radical innovation occurs.