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Fats and oils contain triglycerides that are esters formed between the alcohol glycerol and fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids contain carbon‐carbon double bonds. For such a double bond, cisand trans‐isomers are possible. The overwhelming majority of unsaturated fatty acids from plant oils are cis. In margarine manufacture, double bonds are hydrogenated so as to increase the melting points of the oil. A consequence of this is that a proportion of the double bonds remaining becomes trans. The proportion of trans‐fatty acids in some margarines is around 20 per cent. Argues that the implications of this for human health are worrying. Trans‐fatty acids have been implicated as the possible cause of a number of health problems. Recent research has identified that this isomer is the cause of an increased level of low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol.

This qualitative research study focused upon collaboration between regular and special education teachers in middle school inclusive social studies classrooms. Data sources included interviews, observations and a review of Individualized Education Plans (IEPs). Two pairs of regular and special education teachers (high and low collaborators) were selected from three schools in different counties. Major findings included a description of the ways teachers formed and maintained their relationships, the role of administrators, and obstacles that needed to be overcome. Lack of time was identified as the greatest obstacle. IEPs were not found to be useful. Teacher use of accommodations and strategies tended to be global, rather than individualized. Perceptions of role were examined by teacher type.

Introduces gas chromatography (GC) a key analytical technique in the food industry. It enables complex organic substances to be separated and identified quickly and cheaply. Substances to be analysed by GC must be volatile, i.e. readily pass into the gas phase. The substance to be analysed is vaporized and moved through a long column by an inert carrier gas. The column is filled with a packing material covered with an involatile liquid. The molecules of each substance in a mixture will become distributed between the gas and the liquid. The more volatile a substance the longer it will be moving with the carrier gas, and the quicker it will emerge from the column. Some substances must be extracted from the food analysis by GC, e.g. fatty acids from triglycerides. Others, such as alcohols, can be injected directly into the column.

This article presents an annotated bibliography of literature recently published on the topic of library instruction and information literacy in academic, school, public, special, and all types of libraries. Collaboration was a strong theme, especially among academic and school libraries. Other themes discussed in the articles include the globalism of information literacy, assessment, the use of course management systems, and the use and value of online tutorials.

The purpose of this study is to examine the role of chief financial officers’ (CFOs’) gender in financial risk taking of 58 US companies along with the impact of having women board members.

Using a panel data of 58 selected S&P 500 companies during the period 2012-2016, this paper determines whether the gender of CFOs and having women board members play a role in risk-taking behavior of firms.

Firms led by female CFOs are smaller in size with lower net income and net revenue. The panel data analysis shows that the impact of female CFOs on firms’ financial risk is mixed, depending on risk measures used, whereas increasing female board members reduces that risk.

The data used is limited to 58 S&P 500 companies, and two of the three risk-taking measures used in the study, specifically investment in property, plant and equipment (PPE) and debt/equity ratio, may not be applicable to some industries.

The findings provide mixed evidence of risk aversion by females in executive and leadership positions, depending on the measures used and the management responsibilities they undertake (CFO versus board member) with support for the glass cliff phenomenon in which females may be leading financially precarious organizations.

Female CFOs are found to be leading relatively smaller and financially poor-performing firms compared with the male CFO-led firms, thereby giving support to the glass cliff arguments.

The paper examines the role of CFOs’ gender and board diversity in risk taking as measured by the investment in PPE, debt/equity ratio and stock return volatility.