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The purpose of this study is to investigate heat transfer and deformation of flexible printed circuit board (FPCB) under thermal and flow effects by using fluid structure interaction. This study simulate the electronic cooling process when electronic devices are generating heat during operation at FPCB under force convection.

The thermal and flow effects on FPCB with attached ball grid array (BGA) packages have been investigated in the simulation. Effects of Reynolds number (Re), number of BGA packages attached, power supplied to the BGA packages and size of FPCB were studied. The responses in the present study are the deflection/length of FPCB (δ/L) and Nusselt number (Nu).

It is important to consider both thermal and flow effects at the same time for understanding the characteristic of FPCB attached with BGA under operating condition. Empirical correlation equations of Re, Prandtl number (Pr), δ/L and Nu have been established, in which the highest effect is of Re, followed by Pr and δ/L. The δ/L and Nu¯ were found to be significantly affected by most of the parametric factors.

This study provides a better understanding of the process control in FPCB assembly.

This study provides fundamental guidelines and references for the thermal coupling modelling to address reliability issues in FPCB design. It also increases the understanding of FPCB and BGA joint issues to achieve high reliability in microelectronic design.

A simplified general purpose analytical finite element model has been developed to analyze the thermal performance of a continuous flow polymerase chain reaction (CPCR) microdevice. The corresponding governing differential equations along with the appropriate boundary conditions have been solved using a self‐developed code in Matlab®. Results obtained from the finite element simulations have been validated with available published results and also showed good agreement with those obtained from commercial FEA package, ANSYS®. The present methodology has an added advantage due to its flexibility where the unit cell of the finite element model can be arranged into different orientation for analyses of different CPCR microdevice configuration. In microchannel heat sinks, the results obtained agree well with the published result which demonstrates the flexibility and robustness of present methodology to be used for various applications.

The purpose of this paper is to provide an understanding on implementation and operation of ISO 13485:2003 – “Medical Devices – Quality Management System – Requirements for Regulatory Purposes” – in the perspective of medical device industries in Malaysia. The study is focused on the Malaysian Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) which currently have accredited to ISO 9001:2000 quality management systems.

Literature research and comparative analysis between ISO 13485:2003 and ISO 9001:2000 standard and requirements. A reference model is developed to assist the Malaysian SMEs towards ISO 13485:2003 accreditation.

Unlike ISO 9001:2000, ISO 13485:2003 stresses the safety and efficacy of medical devices that are being produced. For this reason risk management is an essential process that needs to be adopted into the ISO 13485:2003 quality management system. Moreover, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the ISO 13485:2003 implementation, this standard has placed great emphasis on documentation requirements which are more prescriptive in insisting on the use of formal procedures.

The paper provides guidelines to ISO 13485:2003 implementations as well as risk management approaches for small and medium‐sized businesses of Malaysian medical device manufacturers, which at the same time maintains its ISO 9001:2000 certification.

The paper aims to introduce a model for measuring individual performance named Workforce Competency Model (WFCM). Notable aspects of the model including its validation/verification are explored and presented by means of a case study.

The model is developed by referring to the previously developed models in literature, which are concerned with the measurement of human or individual performance. Taking into account the organization's needs for each of the workers to be evaluated on identified indicators, performances of individual maintenance workers are quantified according to factors that contribute to those indicators.

Previous studies show the significance of human involvement in maintenance has been highlighted in many industries; the human element is one of the primary aspects that influence maintenance effectiveness. A model for quantifying individual workers' performance is introduced. A case study carried out in an electronic packaging company for verification and validation purpose demonstrates the developed model is efficient, accurate, flexible and feasible.

This paper presents a unique approach to developing a model that can be used as a tool to effectively evaluate maintenance workforce performance. This study involves a thorough review of the past literature to design the concept to be used, the development process of the model, and validation of the developed model through a case study. The great challenge to the success of this project is to develop the model so that a robust and feasible measurement tool can be built.

An optimal maintenance policy is key to the improvement of the availability and reliability of a system at an acceptable level without a significant increase in investment. However, the selection process is a complicated task because it requires in-depth knowledge on maintenance policies and on the technical requirements of maintenance. The difficulties and complexity of the selection process arise from the combination of conflicting maintenance constraints such as available spares, size of workforce, and maintenance skills. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

The proposed maintenance policy selection (MPS) model is separated into three major phases. The first phase identifies the critical system (CS) based on failure frequency. The failure mechanism in the CS is then analyzed by using a failure mode and effect analysis in the second phase. In the third phase, a multi-criteria decision making method, called the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution, is adopted to identify an optimal maintenance policy that can minimize the failures.

Through a case study, preventive maintenance was selected as the optimal maintenance policy for the reduction of system failures. The results obtained from the case study not only provide evidence of the feasibility and practicability of the developed model, but also test the acceptability and rationale of the developed model from the industry perspective. Valuable knowledge and experience from employees were extracted and utilized through the proposed model to rank the optimal maintenance policy based on the capability to reduce failure.

The practicality of the MPS model is justified through an implementation in the palm oil industry. The application of the MPS model can also be extended to other manufacturing industries.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) processes within a flow-line production-improvement activity. Investigation can lead to understanding of how a process improvement framework influences the decision and fulfillment of the potential to successfully change the operation process.

The improvement process selection (IPS) framework is built systematically by incorporating all related decision criteria with suitable tools required to select improvement alternatives. The process consists of three phases: identification, prediction, and selection. The IPS framework is validated through a case study of a company that was carrying out a flow-line production-improvement project.

The developed framework is used to prioritize the problem scope and select the solutions from various options. The case study illustrates the process through which the developed framework provided a systematic approach in identifying the solutions and achieving the desired performance improvement. Prediction result analysis shows the framework achieved sustainable process improvement changes and prevents management levels from higher risks in failure improvement. The feedback of the case study has verified the robustness of the framework.

Quantitative improvement tools, such as MCDM employed in the IPS framework are vital for better understanding of the improvement impact of changes. Thus, the improvement solution alternatives can be analyzed in more comprehensive ways by considering numerous performance metrics in order to select the best improvement alternatives.

The IPS framework can assist the company in determining optimal decisions in relation to selection of improvement alternatives. As a result, production performance can be affected positively.

This study aims to investigate the interaction of independent variables [Reynolds number (Re), thermal power and the number of ball grid array (BGA) packages] and the relation of the variables with the responses [Nusselt number ((Nu) ¯ ), deflection/FPCB’s length (d/L) and von Mises stress]. The airflow and thermal effects were considered for optimizing the Re of various numbers of BGA packages with thermal power attached on flexible printed circuit board (FPCB) for optimum cooling performance with least deflection and stress by using the response surface method (RSM).

Flow and thermal effects on FPCB with heat source generated in the BGA packages have been examined in the simulation. The interactive relationship between factors (i.e. Re, thermal power and number of BGA packages) and responses (i.e. deflection over FPCB length ratio, stress and average Nusselt number) were analysed using analysis of variance. RSM was used to optimize the Re for the different number of BGA packages attached to the FPCB.

It is important to understand the behaviour of FPCB when exposed to both flow and thermal effects simultaneously under the operating conditions. Maximum d/L and von Misses stress were significantly affected by all parametric factors whilst (Nu)¯ is significantly affected by Re and thermal power. Optimized Re for 1–3 BGA packages with maximum thermal power applied has been identified as 21,364, 23,858 and 29,367, respectively.

This analysis offers a better interpretation of the parameter control in FPCB with optimized Re for the use of force convection electronic cooling. Optimal Re could be used as a reference in the thermal management aspect in designing the BGA package.

This research presents the parameters’ effects on the reliability and heat transfer in FPCB design. It also presents a method to optimize Re for the different number of BGA packages attached to increase the reliability in FPCB’s design.

The objective of this study is to construct a theoretical framework concerning wage determination, grounded in principles and supplemented by conventional theories. It discusses the Islamic perspectives on minimum wage and examines contemporary challenges and intricacies in its application.

This study uses thematic analysis to create the conceptual framework, drawing upon a review of pertinent literature such as academic papers, books and articles published up to 2023.

The framework encompasses various categories, namely, employee characteristics, job characteristics, market factors, compensation practices and Islamic principles. Each category consists of multiple variables. The resulting framework offers a holistic and ethically grounded methodology for wage determination, aligning with both Islamic and conventional perspectives. This study notes the absence of a universally agreed-upon minimum wage. Islamic economics faces challenges due to the unclear application of principles, limited awareness, legal constraints and a lack of empirical evidence on wage systems, along with complexities in their implementation.

The paper’s limited scope focuses solely on the Islamic perspective on wage determination, without comparing it to the conventional viewpoint. This may have implications for future research.

The insights on Islamic principles and wage determination guide scholars and policymakers interested in promoting just and equitable wages.

This study is distinct in its integration of various factors to propose an all-encompassing framework for wage determination, rooted in the Quran and principles, while also reinforcing the framework with conventional theories. Additionally, it adds to the growing body of literature by investigating the Quran’s stance and principles on minimum wage, as well as discusses the challenges involved in implementing an Islamic approach to wage determination, which has received limited attention in Islamic literature.

This study aims to determine research performance in Islamic business ethics and explore future research directions from leading articles and scholars.

This paper used bibliometric and content analysis to analyze 250 articles from reputable Scopus and Web of Sciences journals.

To date, the normative style still dominates Islamic business ethics research. Asian countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia are the center of discussion on Islamic business ethics. This study also suggests that researchers and academics study aspects of the economy that Islamic values have not touched, such as the theme of art, artificial intelligence for labor relations, workers' rights and language.

This research aims to contribute knowledge to Muslims as a reference guide for ethical business behavior. Non-Muslim managers can use this paper as a guide in forming a global company that is pluralistic and respectful of religious communities.

This research makes a scholarly contribution by providing a comprehensive exploration and detailed future research directions in each subtheme of Islamic business ethics.