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Local organisations have been established on participatory approach whose central purpose is to establish development activities bringing about positive change as four pillars of developments: to establish decentralised robust local organisation for sustainable forest management to enhance livelihood of rural people, to meet the forest products basic needs of local people, targeted interventions for poverty alleviation and social mobilisation initiatives and biodiversity conservation climate change mitigation and adaptation.

Local organisational elites designed/conceptualised the concept, where it can be operated organisationally and in local organisational context that provides new ways and methods to develop conceptual framework (Table I), which sheds light on involvement of poor and underprivileged members in decision-making process and distribution of benefit on equity basis.

The findings will lead to a positive change through the organisational elite model through both reorganising organisations and restructuring of power with change in the society and reduce the impact of rational choices, vested interests of elites (leaders of local organisation) and political factors, which are otherwise playing a game or tragedy of commons.

Because of the limited resources and time, the authors are unable to verify it on the other development line agencies such as drinking water scheme, livestock, health and cooperative.

It considerably appears that the impacts are very sound to conclude from the review of above models of elites that provide a very clear understanding and useful conceiving lens to formulate how participation occurs in the executive committee of the community forestry user groups (CFUG) and community-based organisations based on three key elements. First are the caste and the caste structure of the community. Second is the wealth status of the individual, and third is power created both from wealth and caste. This should be determined from the local organisational elite model (Table I) about the nature of interactions on the executive of the CFUGs and other vehicles of local community-based development organisations.

Local organisations will provide an opportunity in reality to both elites and non-elites to considerably change, make aware and create a realistic situation to determine the dialectical opportunity to develop relationship, interaction and configuration between elite and non-elite members both outside and inside of the local organisations.

It has not been found in literatures yet such sort of concept developed in development field particularly in the development activities performed by participation of local users. Hence, it is certainly original conceptual framework.

This paper uses statistical analyses to quantify the effects of five major macroeconomic indicators, namely crude oil price, 30-year mortgage interest rate (IR), Consumer Price Index (CPI), Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), and unemployment rate (UR), on housing prices over time.

Housing price is measured as housing price index (HPI) and is treated as a variable affecting itself. Actual housing sale prices in the Town of Amherst, New York State, USA, 1999-2008, and time-series data of the macroeconomic indicators, 2000-2017, were used in a vector autoregression statistical model to examine the data that show the greatest statistical significance and exert maximum quantitative effects of macroeconomic indicators on housing prices.

The analyses concluded that the 30-year IR and HPI have statistically significant effects on housing prices. IR has the highest effect, contributing 5.0 per cent of variance in the first month to 8.5 per cent in the twelfth. The UR has the next greatest influence followed by DJIA and CPI. The disturbance from HPI itself causes the greatest variability in future prices: up to 92.7 per cent in variance 1 month ahead and approximately 74.5 per cent 12 months ahead. This result indicates that current changes in house prices heavily influence people’s expectation of future prices. The total effect of the error variance of the macroeconomic indicators ranged from 7.3 per cent in the first month to 25.5 per cent in the twelfth.

The conclusions in this paper, along with related tables and figures, will be useful to the housing and real estate communities in planning their business for the next years.

This article seeks to discuss some of the many technical and operational changes that will soon be taking place in the advancing world of commercial aviation.

The purpose of this study is to examine three governance structures (market, contract and vertical integration) that are commonly used to coordinate procurement relationships between grape growers and winemakers in the wine industry. This paper aims to adopt a multi-theoretical approach combining transaction cost and relational exchange theories to explore the influence that trust and a state’s legal system have on the choice of governance mechanism. The authors propose arguing that, in the absence of an efficient legal system, trust must exist between parties to facilitate the pervasive use of contracts.

The empirical results are derived from mail survey responses of 111 South African and 116 New Zealand wineries. These two countries were selected because of the variances in the efficiencies of their legal systems. Multiple regression models were used to investigate the importance that parties place on trust and the legal system when considering the use of incomplete contracts to govern supply chain relationships that are characterised by high asset specificity and high uncertainty.

It was found that contracts are frequently used to govern transactions in both countries, and that trust between parties is an effective substitute for an efficient legal system in governing contractual relations. Specifically, it was found that trust between parties is the major motivating factor for the use of contracts in South Africa, overcoming the weakness of the legal system, while reliance on the legal system to enforce contracts underpins the New Zealand industry.

This study offers a direct cross-country comparison drawn from a population study of two major wine-producing countries that has not been attempted before. In the three models, measures were included to capture the effectiveness of a state’s legal system to extend the governance literature.

Over the past decade, Allan Cartter's model of the utility maximizing union and the institutional principles upon which it is based have provided the basis for much of the neoclassical study of union behavior. The most fundamental component of Cartter's model is the union's utility function, which is defined over the wage level and the level of employment. As drawn by Cartter, this utility function expresses two specific hypotheses: (1) The elasticity of substitution between the two arguments will be small; (2) The utility function defines a wage‐preference path that is kinked at the current wage level (Cartter, 1959, p. 90–91).

From an administrative perspective, Canada as a nation has been generally in a “state of drift.” With the exception of the anti‐inflation program, efforts made by the government during recent years have provided little in the way of specific direction. For example, The Way Ahead, a discussion paper on the future of Canada, fails to outline clearly “the economic and social directions the government intends to take after controls end” or to provide definitive “principles and strategies.” Passing references are made to national unity, balanced growth without inflation, individual freedom and opportunity, and the government's commitment to its fundamental social goals. Implicitly, these “goals” are for “a society in which all Canadians can develop their potential to the fullest degree possible, a society in which justice, compassion, tolerance and understanding lead to a strong and united Canada, a society based upon individual initiative and marked by personal freedom.”

This article reports on a visit to Air Canada's Dorval engineering base to see what had been done to three Lockheed 1011–1 TriStars already in service with the airline so as to convert them to 1011–100 type aircraft.

Indian Summer conditions prevailed in the pleasant Thames‐side setting as some 100 delegates convened at the Runnymede Hotel, Egham, on 20–21 September for the 1989 PCIF Conference. An advance glance at the programme suggested an interesting two days' activities. In reality, expectations were, if anything, surpassed and the general consensus was that the event provided an excellent variety of useful presentations, mainly on non‐technical themes. Incorporating business issues, training, exporting, the COSHH regulations, etc., it addressed relevant areas often underemphasised or ignored in the conference agenda. Interaction between delegates and speakers reached an all‐time high, with much constructive debate ensuing, and the inclusion of a number of panel sessions proved popular and successful. Let us hope that the organisers use the same recipe for the 1990 Conference.