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The natural frequency of a diaphragm with residual stress in contact with a liquid is investigated theoretically in this paper. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

An analytical calculation using the nondimensional added virtual mass incremental (NAVMI) factors is performed to find the dependency of the natural frequency on the residual stress when the diaphragm vibrating in contact with a liquid.

The analysis gives the residual stress contribution to the added virtual mass.

The magnitude of the added virtual mass depends on the residual stress. However, the magnitude of the natural frequency is found to be insignificant to the residual stress.

This paper aims to present an iterative path-following method with joint limits to solve the problem of large computation cost, movement exceeding joint limits and poor path-following accuracy for the path planning of hyper-redundant snake-like manipulator.

When a desired path is given, new configuration of the snake-like manipulator is obtained through a geometrical approach, then the joints are repositioned through iterations until all the rotation angles satisfy the imposed joint limits. Finally, a new arrangement is obtained through the analytic solution of the inverse kinematics of hyper-redundant manipulator. Finally, simulations and experiments are carried out to analyze the performance of the proposed path-following method.

Simulation results show that the average computation time is 0.1 ms per step for a hyper-redundant manipulator with 12 degrees of freedom, and the deviation in tip position can be kept below 0.02 mm. Experiments show that all the rotation angles are within joint limits.

Currently , the manipulator is working in open-loop, the elasticity of the driving cable will cause positioning error. In future, close-loop control based on real-time attitude detection will be used in in combination with the path-following method to achieve high-precision trajectory tracking.

Through a series of iterative processes, the proposed method can make the manipulator approach the desired path as much as possible within the joint constraints with high precision and less computation time.

The paper aims to discuss the amended provisions relating to protection of minority shareholders (PMS) in the newly amended Chinese Company Law and evaluate whether it adequately protects the interests of minority shareholders.

In total, 26 cases will be examined by discussing the characteristics of the relevant parties involved, specifically plaintiffs, defendants, their lawyers, judges and also the grounds of complaint. A comparison will be made between the cases decided by following the first Company Law (1994) and the cases decided in accordance with the newly amended Company Law (2006).

The findings indicate that the amended Company Law has removed certain drawbacks in PMS present in the first Company Law (1994) but the New Company Law can protect interests of minority shareholders only to a certain extent. Further amendments are still needed.

This is one of the first studies to actually examine the implementation of PMS‐related provisions in the newly amended Company Law.

This paper proposes a model based on minority game (MG) theory to support the decision-making regarding the efficient allocation and exploitation of resources/services among the partners of a cloud manufacturing (CMfg) system. CMfg system is a new manufacturing paradigm to share manufacturing capabilities and resources on a cloud platform. The use of a decision model to organize and manage the resources and services provided by the autonomous participants of a CMfg has crucial relevance for the system's effectiveness and efficiency.

This research proposes a noncooperation model based on MG theory. The MG is designed to make decisions on the use of resources/services among the partners of CMfg with private information. A simulation environment was developed to test the efficiency of the proposed decision model. Moreover, an ideal decision model with complete information among the partners was used as a benchmark model.

The simulation results show how the application of the proposed MG model outperforms the MG model usually proposed in the literature. In particular, the proposed decision model based on private information has an efficiency closer to the ideal model with complete information among the partners of a CMfg.

This paper advances knowledge about the application of MG in the field of CMfg system. The proposed decision-making model based on MG is a promising approach to help enterprises, and especially small and medium enterprises, to participate in CMfg initiatives and to develop their business.

This paper aims to resolve the cavitation problem encountered in cone throttle valves concerning fluid flow performance and pitting from cavitation luminescence, the author studied the flow field within a cone throttle valve set with various valve openings, inlet pressures and outlet back pressures.

The flow and cavitation distribution in the valve under different pressure conditions were obtained in simulations. To confirm these results experimentally, a hydraulic cavitation platform was constructed. The valve was made of polymethyl methacrylate material with high transparency to observe the cavitation directly, as well as cavitation luminescence. The flow characteristics of this valve were measured under various working conditions.

With increasing cavitation strength, a reduction in cavitation on the throttle capacity was more evident. Increasing the back pressure and reducing the working pressure of the valve appropriately improves the flow capacity of the valve, which subsequently improves the performance of the valve. The cavitation luminescence is also linearly related to cavitation intensity. That is, the stronger the flow capacity of the valve, the less likely the luminescence is produced. Moreover, a stronger luminescence intensity worsens the flow performance of the valve.

Owing to the limitation of experimental means and lack of research on bubble shape, the subsequent research will complement this aspect.

With a view to providing theoretical and experimental support, cavitation luminescence is also studied to gain a deeper understanding of the cavitation mechanism in hydraulic valves.

The innovation of this paper is to study the cavitation luminescence in the hydraulic system.