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A key process involved in supply chains is a priori evaluation of potential partners, not only in terms of expected cost (which includes exchange rate risk), but also in terms of other risks. These risks can include product failure, producing company failure (such as bankruptcy), and even political risk. This paper aims to compare tools to aid supply chain organizations in measuring, evaluating, and assessing risk in this environment.

The authors demonstrate the use of DEA, followed by a DEA simulation model and also a Monte Carlo simulation using a risk‐adjusted cost concept. Once non‐dominated partners are identified by DEA, simulation analysis is applied to compare expected performance of vendors, and the range of expected outcomes can be identified, aiding supply chain core organizations to better select producing partners.

The authors consider strategies of outsourcing to China, as well as other nations under various forms of risk. A scenario analysis using risk management models indicates outsourcing to Great China is a good strategy.

The authors conducted a thorough review of supply chain risk management and identified criteria and various risk performance measures for outsourcing under risk and uncertainty in a supply chain. The benefit of outsourcing to China is discussed. The authors have designed an international outsourcing problem, where foreign exchange risk, product failure, organizational failure, and political risks are considered.

The purpose of this paper is to review published approaches to supply chain risk management, to include identification and classification of types of risks, cases, and models. Specific aspects of risk in supply chains involving China are also addressed.

Literature review provides sources which are synthesized.

A generic framework is identified, then categorizations of supply chain risks are compared. Cases and models applied to the study of supply chain risk are reviewed briefly. A review of Chinese risk in the supply chain context is provided.

This review includes many current studies, and is a source of useful references for those examining supply chain risk.

Project management literature contains an evolving body of research addressing critical success factors. The majority of these studies have focused on projects completed within private sector organizations or, in a few cases, a mix of public and private sector organizations. Given the distinct qualitative differences that exist between private and public sector entities, it would be naive to blindly apply the lessons learned from prior studies to public sector information technology (IT) project management. This paper seeks to investigate public sector information system critical success factors.

Using a survey research methodology and the project implementation profile, this study empirically tests the critical success factors proposed and confirmed in the existing management literature as important to information system project implementation success within the context of public sector IT projects.

This research effort strongly suggests that significant differences exist between private and public sector IT projects with respect to critical success factors. Specifically, the application of critical success factors to project management within the unique public sector environment appears to be a reasonable course of action; however, the order of importance or dominance of each factor differs from that reported in prior research focusing on private sector efforts.

The findings of this study will serve as a useful and practical guide for both experienced and new state government information project managers as they seek to understand the key steps and processes that must be addressed throughout the life cycle of an IT implementation project.

The purpose of this paper is to propose a model to examine the impact of organizational support on behavioral intention (BI) regarding enterprise resource planning (ERP) implementation based on the technology acceptance model (TAM).

A research model is proposed which describes the effects of organizational support, both formal and informal, on factors of TAM. A survey questionnaire is developed to test the proposed model. A total of 700 of questionnaires are distributed to users in small and medium enterprises that have implemented ERP systems in Korea and 209 responses are used for analyses. Structural equation modeling is employed to test the research hypotheses.

The results indicate that the organizational support is an important factor for perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived ease of use (PEOU). PU and PEOU seem to lead to a higher level of interest in the ERP system and BI to use the system. The most notable finding of our study is that organizational support is positively associated with factors of TAM.

The survey data used in this paper are collected from small‐ and medium‐sized companies in South Korea. Thus, the respondents in these firms might have been trained at different levels or on different modules of ERP, which would yield diversity in subject experience with different ERP systems.

To improve the efficiency and effectiveness of ERP implementation in a real world environment, organizations need to better understand user satisfaction. The TAM model provides a theoretical construct to explain how user satisfaction is affected.

Eastern European countries are undergoing a transition from centralized economic planning to more open economic systems. A team of Bulgarian and U.S. researchers have collaborated to study this problem, using a real Bulgarian winery as the focus of their research. System dynamics modeling was selected as a tool to provide better understanding of management issues. A framework for future objective research, and as a pedagogical tool. This system dynamics model generates output on a number of measures. This paper presents initial output from the model, reporting profit ability, risk, and market share measures. These multiple measures create the need for multiple criteria analysis. Three multiple criteria techniques are demonstrated, and their value in the system dynamics simulation modeling process is discussed.

The aim of this paper is to present a macro view of the evolution of innovation for value creation, from the closed to collaborative, open, and now co‐innovation. It reviews several mega trends that have dramatically changed the dynamic nature of the global market place and also several new forces that have made innovation imperative for organizational value creation.

The paper provides a conceptual overview of co‐innovation through some of its basic elements such as convergence revolution, collaboration, and co‐creation with stakeholders.

Co‐innovation is a new innovation paradigm where new ideas and approaches from various internal and external sources are integrated in a platform to generate new organizational and shared values. The core of co‐innovation includes engagement, co‐creation, and compelling experience for value creation. Thus, the practices of co‐innovative organizations are difficult to imitate by competition.

Innovation is imperative for organizational survival in today's turbulent global market. This conceptual paper presents many real‐world examples of co‐innovative firms' strategies that can provide new insights for follower organizations.

Innovation is a universal strategy for every organization, be it a firm, non‐profit organization, or even a government agency. The new innovation approaches suggested in the paper can contribute to social reforms such as creating shared value for all stakeholders.

This is an original paper that presents a broad‐stroke direction and vision for new organizational strategies for innovation.

Globalization and digitalization have led to the need for a different view of international business. Computer technology, especially in the form of enterprise systems, presents the opportunity to apply best (or at least better) practices. Twentieth century enterprise systems were focused on internal optimization. Twenty‐first century enterprise systems need to be much more open, and to focus on the demand chain, driven by serving customers better. To better fulfill this need, this paper aims to present a method for evaluation of business process alternatives focusing on demand chain needs.

A method integrating decision making and system approach principles is presented that includes use of soft systems approaches to identify goals and interrelationships among system parts, generation of alternatives, analysis of alternative performance on goals, refining alternatives to better satisfy goals, and multiple criteria selection analysis to recommend choice.

The method is demonstrated on a small business process design. This process can allow broader consideration of organizational goals and focus on customer demands.

The paper demonstrates how such a method might work to better support the design of enterprise systems in this dynamic new environment.

To discuss relative advantages and disadvantages of internally operated ERP‐ and ASP‐delivered ERP functionality, and present the possible future of these alternatives.

A thorough review of recent published papers dealing with advantages and disadvantages of ERP and ASP is presented. A good balance of theoretical analysis and real‐world application examples of ERP and ASP is maintained. Some of the disadvantages were discussed from the managerial perspective. Based on these approaches, the possible future direction of ERP and ASP is explored.

Today, organizations need ERP functionality to cope with the increasing complexity and competitive forces in the environment. Thus, ERP‐ and ASP‐delivered ERP systems are widely applied, often with disappointing consequences. The choice that organizations must make should be based on a thorough review of the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative vis‐à‐vis corporate strategies and resources.

A good managerial overview of ERP and ASP for enterprise solutions. Discussion is based on the managerial perspective of the roles of ERP in organizations.

This paper focuses on the weaknesses of ERP and ASP rather than glorifying their functions.

This survey covers 1977–78 and presents a brief overview of some of the publications that have had, and will continue to have, impact on biology. Excluded are: 1) applied areas such as agriculture, medicine, and veterinary medicine; and 2) botany. The botanical reference literature has been voluminous as usual during this period and deserves an individual review which will appear in a later issue of RSR.