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Despite the South African legislature’s intention to introduce capital gains tax (CGT) as a simple and clear tax, it is an extremely complex tax. Several provisions of both the Eighth Schedule to the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 and the Act itself have to be taken into account in determining whether a taxable capital gain or an assessed capital loss has arisen during the year of assessment. The application of these principles is often surrounded by uncertainty. Hence, the purpose of this article is not only to provide an overview of some of the different provisions that have to be taken into account and the interaction between them, but also to highlight some of the problems arising from the application of the principles themselves.

Focuses on the perceived value of a service by a customer, the perceived quality and value of a service, and the role of expectations, shortfalls, and bonuses in the valuation process. Considers on the implications of key relationships in the marketing and delivery of services. Characterizes customer perception of the perceived value of a service and quality of service in multivariate space. This model yields a value vector that summarizes the perceived value of a service and service quality to a customer. The perceived value vector summarizes the aggregate effects of variables of influence on perceived value. Relates service delivery to customer expectations. In this context, illuminates important issues related to exante versus ex post expectations. Introduces the concept of expectations‐delivery variance (EDV). Examines the concept of delivery shortfalls as well as delivery excess, with excess leading to bonus fulfillment. Shortfalls and bonuses have residual effects. Asserts that shortfalls and bonus effects have asymmetric affects in terms of residual influence on future perceptions of customer expectations of service value.

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the framework of Prospect Theory and Mental Accounting proposed by Grinblatt and Han (2005) can be applied to analyzing the relationship between the disposition effect and momentum in the Chinese stock market.

The paper applies the methodology proposed by Grinblatt and Han (2005).

Using firm-level data, with a sample period from January 1998 to June 2013, the authors find evidence that the momentum effect in the Chinese stock market is not driven by the disposition effect, contradicting the findings of Grinblatt and Han (2005) concerning the US stock market. The discrepancies in the findings between the Chinese and US stock markets are robust and independent of sample periods.

The findings suggest that Grinblatt and Han’s model may not be applicable to the Chinese stock market. This is possibly because of the regulatory differences between the two stock markets and cross-national variation in investor behavior; in particular, the short-selling prohibition in the Chinese stock market and greater reference point adaptation to unrealized gains/losses among Chinese compared to Americans.

This study provides evidence of the inapplicability of Grinblatt and Han’s model for the Chinese stock market, and shows the differences in the relationship between disposition effect and momentum between the Chinese and US stock markets.

This paper aims to study differences in risk behavior between holding companies that undertake both banking activity and insurance underwriting (labeled financial holding companies or FHCs) and stand-alone bank holding companies (BHCs).

The paper examines the discretionary accruals of FHCs to comparable BHCs and compares their bad loans-to-assets ratio in the future.

FHCs have lower discretionary accruals (loan loss provisions and realized capital gains) than BHCs. FHCs fare better than BHCs in terms of bad loans-to-assets ratio. Insurance underwriting has a dampening effect on discretionary accruals of FHCs.

This study raises additional research questions. Do shared governance and insurance underwriting serve as substitutes or complements? Will regulatory environment affect this relation?

When reported earnings do not match true earnings, the market participants lose the ability to price correctly, and the regulators lose the ability to effectively regulate banks. From the regulatory perspective, these findings suggest insurance underwriting by banks mitigate potential market distortions.

This paper is the first to study the effect of underwriting insurance risk on earnings management behavior of BHCs and its link to risk governance.

The purpose of this paper is to use the DuPont expansion to examine those factors underlying differences in (rates of) return on different crop portfolios over space (ten regions) and time (1960‐2004). The paper also estimates the impact of government payments on farmland values through its impact on farm profitability.

Businesses use the DuPont model to analyze the profitability of a business. This model includes three components: net profit margin, asset turnover, and financial leverage (or assets to equity). It is based on the relationships among these three components and is expressed as a product of ratios. For the purposes of the current study, accrued capital gains from (total) returns are excluded to focus on cash returns “cash flow”. Returns from current income are a “cash flow” available in the short run to pay financial obligations. Furthermore, returns from capital gains are not liquid; they are gains in wealth fully captured as capital gains/losses only in the longer term. Following the DuPont approach, the effect of government payments on farm asset values is equal to the sum of the effect of government payments on profit margins plus the effect of government payments on the asset turnover ratio.

The analysis focuses on agricultural profitability in the ten Economic Research Service (ERS) regions. By comparing the components of the DuPont expansion, profitability differences over time are analyzed. The results indicate that one cause of low profitability in the Corn Belt and Mountain regions is a perpetually low profit margin while the evidence for other regions supports lower asset efficiency. Results show that government payments impact the profit margin and affect value of farm assets in particular farmland values but not asset turnover ratio.

The use of DuPont expansion factor in agriculture is original and really helps us to understand the factors driving profitability in agriculture. Another innovation (originality) in this paper is the theoretical model that connects the DuPont expansion factor, government payments and its impact on farmland values.

We extend empirical evidence on the profitability of momentum trading to the realm of plain-equity ETFs.

We employ several ranking measures used in prior research, and for each we apply a traditional ranking based on total return, and a variation based only on the capital gain/loss portion of return.

While we find that past momentum is not a strong predictor of future performance in our overall sample period, 2007 to June 2018, we find that the percent off 52-week high price results in positive performance in the recovery years following the financial crisis of 2008–2009.

Our study is limited by the availability of ETF experience and data, and our test period covers just 2007 through June 2018. This period includes the financial crisis of 2008–2009, which previous research finding is associated with the momentum strategy's loss of profitability. When we exclude that period, we find evidence of a profitable momentum strategy based on the measure of percent off 52-week high price, enabling us to reject the null hypothesis that the momentum trading strategy is no longer profitable.

It is profitable based on both return measures used in the rankings. Our finding of a profitable momentum trading strategy suggests that the null hypothesis that the momentum strategy is no longer profitable can be rejected.

While perhaps not so strong as to reject the efficient markets hypothesis fully, our empirical findings are more consistent with a behavioral explanation and a market inefficiency. In view of the relative ease and low transactional costs of trading in ETFs, the markets have yet another opportunity to recognize an apparent mispricing and employ arbitrage based on it. To the extent that the relative ease of trading in ETFs makes momentum strategies easier to employ, the momentum anomaly might still be expected to disappear in an efficient market.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the viability of rehabilitation from a financial standpoint and examine particularly whether a rehabilitation project is worth carrying out or not. Nowadays, rehabilitation has become all the more important in society. Theoretical option models may explain how to make an optimal decision, but in reality they seem to lack empirical evidence when it comes to some situation. This paper aims to use option models to gauge the likely gain/loss from rehabilitation in face of uncertainties. It seeks to bridge the gap in the rehabilitation field between theory and application for facilities managers and property owners alike.

The binomial option model and Samuelson‐McKean closed form model are utilised to evaluate the likely financial benefits of the two major rehabilitation schemes, exploring option premiums and hurdle values. The real option approaches provide a useful framework within which to gauge a likely gain (loss) and ascertain the viability of rehabilitation in the midst of uncertainties.

The real option approaches produce two outcomes values, the option premium and the hurdle value, which are able to provide insight into the likelihood of rehabilitation for facilities managers/property owners in the intricate and dynamic markets. The higher the option premium, the more attractive a rehabilitation project will be. And the hurdle value usefully reveals a critical timing for exercising rehabilitation.

This paper provides a necessary support for sustaining the rehabilitation schemes. It presents an adequate alternative to examine the value of rehabilitation by taking into account uncertainties in real life. It is useful for facilities managers and property owners, who sometimes neglect potential benefit/loss in the uncertainties when making an investment decision.

This paper has established the framework for evaluating the rehabilitation schemes that has practical implications for decision making. The facilities manager, property owner and government should make some adjustments in formulation of their rehabilitation policies and strategies.

This paper provides facilities managers with a means in which the real option approaches are embedded to express benefit/costs of rehabilitation. With the aid of this information, facilities managers/property owners are able to evaluate rehabilitation more effectively and enhance the decision‐making quality.

Examines the Finance Act 1988, which introduced significant reforms to the calculation of capital gains tax (CGT). Briefly outlines the nature of the main changes concerning the taxation of transactions in land and assesses their likely impact on property valuation and valuers.

This paper aims to derive firm value implications for various kinds of employee stock options (ESOs) in a framework that considers uncertainty, non‐diversification and the US statutory tax treatment.

The authors extend the analysis of ESOs from the case of perfect capital markets to two cases of imperfect capital markets using the Benninga‐Helmantel‐Sarig framework.

It is found that ESOs are inferior to cash compensation and that the degree of option inferiority depends on employee diversification. In addition, incentive stock options (ISOs) are generally inferior to non‐qualified stock options (NSOs). This relative profitability of the NSO versus ISO increases as market imperfections are added. The authors also find that in general firm hedging of ESOs is suboptimal.

The paper highlights the firm value of employee stock options.

PurposeIn 1997, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) issued Financial Reporting Release No. 48. FFR No. 48 requires that companies disclose both qualitative and quantitative market risk information for risks of loss arising from adverse changes in interest rates, foreign currency rates, commodity prices, and equity prices. This research focuses on the required disclosure of market risk related to equity prices which is commonly known as Beta in the capital asset pricing model (CAPM).Design/methodology/approachA sample of 323 companies listed in NYSE was selected to investigate the relationship between the market risk and the accounting measures of risk in order to determine the accounting variables that should be disclosed as a substitute of market risk, if there is no data, for the companies to fulfill the SEC requirements.FindingsBy identifying the accounting measures most closely associated with market Beta, the financial manager may be able to influence the Beta value by changing the company's structure as summarized in the successful accounting – determined risk measures. Such finding may also be used to estimate a company's Beta value in situations where historical stock market price data is limited or not available. An example of this later circumstance occurs in the case of initial public offer (IPO). Market price data may also be limited in acquisition cases, where the acquisition target is a subsidiary of a larger company.Originality/valueThe results of this study address these finance and accounting practice situations.