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The purpose of this paper is to monitor the backup indicators in case of indicator failure and to minimize the situations when the pilot may be unable to monitor the indicator effectively in emergency situations.

In this study, the pointer positions of different indicators were determined with a deep learning-based algorithm. Within the scope of the study, the pointer on the analog indicators obtained from aircraft cockpits was detected with the YOLOv4 object detector. Then, segmentation was made with the GrabCut algorithm to detect the pointer in the detected region more precisely. Finally, a line including the segmented pointer was found using the least-squares method, and the exact direction of the pointer was determined and the angle value of the pointer was obtained by using the inverse tangent function. In addition, to detect the pointer of the YOLOv4 object detection method and to test the designed method, a data set consisting of videos taken from aircraft cockpits was created and labeled.

The analog indicator pointers were detected with great accuracy by the YOLOv4 and YOLOv4-Tiny detectors. The experimental results show that the proposed method estimated the angle of the pointer with a high degree of accuracy. The developed method can reduce the workloads of both pilots and flight engineers. Similarly, the performance of pilots can be evaluated with this method.

The authors propose a novel real-time method which consists of detection, segmentation and line regression modules for mapping the angle of the pointers on analog indicators. A data set that includes analog indicators taken from aircraft cockpits was collected and labeled to train and test the proposed method.

This article provides a broad overview of telecommunications and network‐related technologies. Topics covered include identification and review of network elements, analog and digital signals, synchronous and asynchronous transmission formats, transmission media and equipment, transmission techniques and characteristics, multiplexing, network types, access technologies, network architectures and topologies, local‐area network technologies and attributes, protocols and protocol issues, gateways, internetworking, local networking alternatives, equipment certification, and various aspects of network management. It is intended to provide the practicing professional in the field of library and information science with a broad, up‐to‐date technical review that might serve to support and facilitate further investigation of current developments in networks and networking. Although the broad range of topics is not treated in depth, numerous references are provided for further investigation.

The Center for Industrial Research (SI), the University of Oslo (UiO) and a group of Norwegian companies have collaborated between 1990 and 1992 in the research programme ‘Industrial Microelectronics’ with a total cost of 30 MNOK. The programme was sponsored by the Norwegian Scientific and Industrial Research Council (NTNF) as one of the twin programmes constituting a national research initiative in microelectronics. The motivation for the programme is the recognition of microelectronics as a key technology commanding the performance and market success of many of the electronics systems from the Norwegian electronics industry towards the year 2000. The main objective is to stimulate industrial innovation by developing, transferring and exploiting knowledge and methods based upon advanced microelectronics. Focused activities are silicon sensor technology, combined analogue/digital design of application‐specific integrated circuits, large scale instrumentation, sensor packaging and thermal management of electronic systems. SI is focusing on applied research, UiO on education, and collaborating Norwegian companies are using the results in their own R&D projects. It is anticipated that the research results will be fully industrialised within 3–5 years. The programme is co‐ordinated with other Norwegian government‐sponsored research activities as well as European research programmes based on microelectronics. The programme is organised in projects and monitored with a set of milestones strongly indicating the achievement of successful industrial innovation, research results of international standing and high‐quality education of key personnel for the industry. Several successful examples of the research results are highlighted: Design and process methodology for double‐sided microstrip silicon radiation sensors for detection of high energy elementary particles, silicon‐to‐silicon and silicon‐to‐thin film anodic bonding processes for sensor fabrication, combined analogue/digital application‐specific integrated circuits for front‐end instrumentation applications, packaging of radiation sensors and thermal management of electronic systems by evaporation cooling. It is concluded that the programme has successfully achieved results in harmony with the objective.

New generation fire alarm systems are not altogether new in 1986. The British Fire Protection System Association (BFPSA) has had a Technical Working Group discussing them since 1981, the first commercial system was launched in the UK four years ago and the number of available systems is now considerable (see list of systems and suppliers below). As yet, however, there are no definitive standards or codes of practice for their use, and this can make life difficult for the facilities manager who has to specify and operate an alarm system. He is likely to have little more than sales literature for information. To help rectify this situation this first article explains what a new generation system is, what advantages it has, and presents a costed example. A second article will offer advice on how to choose a system together with feedback from users who are already operating new generation equipment.

This article examines the dynamics of wireless R&D as a combined function of technology and market evolution, focusing on the management and organization of wireless R&D. From the postwar era to the late 1990s, the management and organization of wireless R&D capabilities has been effectively reversed. Industry thrust has shifted from closed specifications, central innovation and domestic market to open specifications, distributed innovation and global networking. The old era is reflected by the classic Bell Labs; the new era by Nokia. Due to the alternation of sustaining and disruptive change, no wireless company can survive without incessant innovation. In this rivalry, the winners are companies that best match their organizational capabilities with the changing industry opportunities.

The purpose of this paper is to present a hierarchical circuit synthesis system with a hybrid deterministic local optimization – multi‐objective genetic algorithm (DLO‐MOGA) optimization scheme for system‐level synthesis.

The use of a local optimization with a deterministic algorithm based on linear equations which is computationally efficient and improves the feasibility of designs, allows reduction in the number of MOGA generations required to achieve convergence.

This approach reduces the total number of simulation iterations required for optimization. Reduction in run time enables use of full transistor‐level models for simulation of critical system‐level sub‐blocks. Consequently, for system‐level synthesis, simulation accuracy is maintained. The approach is demonstrated for the design of pipeline analog‐to‐digital converters on a 0.35 μm process.

The use of a hybrid DLO‐MOGA optimization approach is a new approach to improve hierarchical circuit synthesis time while preserving accuracy.

Business strategy and industrial economics.

This case may be used early on in a basic course on strategy in an MBA program or in a course in industrial economics. It can also be used in a session of an executive development program on strategy.

The TV Broadcasting industry, worldwide, has been moulded by frequent changes in technology and by regulatory interventions. So has been the case of India. The case begins with a general introduction to the technology of TV broadcasting and distribution and then moves on to a discussion of the technological changes in the Indian context. The evolving structure of the industry in India over three distinct periods is then described. The Industry consists of content producers, broadcasters, aggregators, direct-to-home distributors, multi-system operators and local cable operators. Over the three periods of time, changes in technology and regulation constantly impacted on the structure, the conduct and the performance of players in each segment.

The analysis of the case is expected to demonstrate the use of theoretical frameworks like the structure-conduct-performance model and Porter's five-force model in arriving at a prognosis of the structure of an industry in general, and that of the Indian TV broadcasting industry in particular.

Teaching notes are available, please consult your Librarian for access.

THE in‐flight recording of parameters relating to: altitude, heading, vertical acceleration, indicated air speed and pitch attitude, and their subsequent analyses by ground replay equipment, has been established for some years. The recording of this data was made mandatory by the regulatory authorities so that post‐incident analysis would reveal, with accuracy, the causes of an accident.

TRADITIONALLY, progress is presented as a steady advance, a smooth upward curve with time. It is not really like that at all. It is made in sudden steps followed by a period of consolidation. All the same, there is a basic trend or principle behind these jumps of progress which, themselves, are set off by bringing out some radically new process or method.

The DC‐9 Super 80 will be delivered with advanced avionics in early 1980. This paper discusses from the aircraft manufacturer's point of view the avionics system architecture, its digital implementation, and some hardware details of most major system elements. New operational features are discussed including Category IIIa autoland, some new autopilot and autothrottle cruise modes, a head‐up display system, and a “hot on‐board spare” flight guidance computer. Finally, some of the advantages of the digital system over analog systems are noted.